Development of gas element diffusion wear-resistant treatment technology on titanium surface
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摘要: 针对近年来钛及钛合金表面气体元素扩散耐磨处理技术的研究进展进行了总结梳理。认为对钛合金表面进行渗氧、渗氮和渗碳耐磨处理，都可以起到提高表面硬度，改善表面耐磨性能的效果，结合真空和等离子体等技术，可以使得扩散层厚度增加，但需要结合工艺选择恰当的参数，不然会对材料力学性能带来较大的影响。另外耐磨状态是多样的，没有一种耐磨层能够适合于所有的摩擦环境；同时现代的服役环境更趋于复杂，不仅要求耐磨，还有耐蚀、导电等其它功能方面的要求，这样，就需要材料表面设计者，依据服役的苛刻条件，结合多场的相互作用关系，在现有表面技术的基础上设计和创新。Abstract: In this paper, the resent research progress of gas element diffusion wear treatment technology on surface of titanium and titanium alloy is summarized.It is believed that treatment technology of oxidizing, nitriding and carburizing on the surface of titanium alloy, can improve its surface hardness and wear resistance .In addition, the combination of vacuum and plasma technologies can increase the thickness of the diffusion layer, but appropriate parameters need to be selected in combination with the process, otherwise it will have a greater impact on the mechanical properties of the material.Furthermore, because the wear-resistant environment is diverse, the wear-resistant layer is difficult to adapt to all friction environments. Modern development has made the service environment of materials more complex . It requires not only wear resistance, but also corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and other functional requirements. In this way, the material surface designer is required to design and innovate on the basis of the existing surface technology based on the harsh conditions of service and the interaction of multiple fields.
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Key words:
- titanium alloy /
- wear-resistant treatment of gas diffusion /
- oxygenation /
- nitriding /
- carburizing /
- surface hardness
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图 1 TC4真空渗氧后表面的XRD图谱
Figure 1. The XRD pattern of the surface of TC4 after vacuum oxygenation
图 2 TC4真空渗氧后的表面硬度分布
Figure 2. Surface hardness distribution of TC4 after vacuum oxygenation
图 3 TC4钛合金真空渗氧后的表面磨痕
Figure 3. Surface wear marks of TC4 after vacuum oxygenation
(a) 600 ℃；(b) 680 ℃；(c) 760 ℃；(d) 840 ℃
图 7 三种温度下渗层的厚度随时间的变化曲线
Figure 7. Variation curve of the thickness of the permeable layer at different temperatures with time
图 8 典型渗碳条件下渗层硬度的变化曲线
Figure 8. Variation curve of hardness under typical carburizing conditions
图 9 摩擦后的划痕显微照片
(a) 钛合金表面划痕（×500倍）；(b) 钛合金表面无氢渗碳划痕（×2500倍）
Figure 9. Micrograph of scratch after friction
表 1 氮化试样的力学性能
Table 1. Mechanical properties of Ti after nitrided
试样 σb/MPa σ0.2/MPa δ/% ψ/% ak/(J·cm−2) 纯钛 521 420 27.6 62.0 78.6 钛氮化 468 361 23.2 54.8 46.5 
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表 2 钛金属氮化后力学性能对比
Table 2. Comparison of mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloy after nitriding
材料 热处理 σ0.2/MPa σb/MPa Φ/ % Ψ/ %
Ti退火 246 383 39 69 氮化1） 263 384 36 64 Ti-6Al-4V 退火 900 950 7 48 氮化2） 925 974 13 45
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al退火 975 1001 13 40 氮化3） 875 901 12 47 注：渗氮工艺参数：1)为850 ℃, 9 h；2)为850 ℃, 15 h；3)为750 ℃, 60 h。
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表 3 钛金属不同气体离子氮化后的表面硬度
Table 3. Surface hardness of titanium after nitriding with different gas ions
材质 处理状态 表面硬度(HV) 温度/℃ 时间/h 气源
TA2未处理 189～200 940 2 N2/H2=1 1150～1620 940 2 纯N2 1200～1450 940 2 N2/Ar=1 1385～1540
TC4未处理 380～400 800 2 N2/Ar=1 800～1100 940 2 N2/H2=1 1385～1670
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表 4 钛金属无氢渗碳前后力学性能对比
Table 4. Comparison of mechanical properties of titanium alloy before and after hydrogen-free carburizing
试样 σ0.2/MPa σb/MPa Φ/ % Ψ/ % TC4 998 965 14.5 47 TC4渗碳1 1000 1049 19.0 50 TC4渗碳2 1013 1058 18.0 52 TC4渗碳3 1017 1074 17.5 49 TC4渗碳4 1035 1080 17.5 50
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