Progress of anti-oxidation protection technology in titanium alloy welding process
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摘要: 钛及钛合金综合性能优异，但由于高温活性强导致焊接氧化问题严重，特别是在很低的固态温度下仍然吸收气体影响焊接接头质量，因此需要严格的焊接保护措施。在分析了钛合金的氧化机理及特性的基础上，系统总结了焊接过程中的各种防氧化保护措施和具体技术。详细介绍了钛合金长直焊缝、环形焊缝、空间不规则焊缝以及增材制造四种典型过程的防氧化保护问题，主要的防护措施有保护拖罩、封闭式充氩环境以及强制冷却三大类。针对钛合金长直焊缝局部气体保护，一般形式为保护拖罩结合背面保护气槽以及水冷措施；对于环形焊缝的背面保护方式，可以采用背面拖罩或者整体充氩保护的方法，其正面保护采用弧形拖罩即可；而不规则焊缝受限于空间形状，焊接拖罩的方法不再适用，小尺寸构件可采用简易充氩保护箱，大尺寸构件保护问题亟待解决；增材制造过程中的热积累问题也对其保护形式提出了更高的要求，目前采用具有一定气体挺度的层流惰性气体和CO2跟随强制冷却的方式取得了较好的效果。Abstract: Titanium and titanium alloys have excellent comprehensive properties, but the welding oxidation problem is serious due to the strong high-temperature activity. Especially the problem of absorbing gas at solid-state temperature is significant, which affects the quality of the welding joint. Therefore, strict welding protection measures are needed. Based on the analyses of oxidation mechanism and characteristics of titanium alloy, various anti-oxidation protection measures and specific technologies in welding process are summarized systematically in this paper. Anti-oxidation protection of titanium alloy in four typical processes of long straight weld, circular weld, space irregular weld and additive manufacturing is introduced in detail. The main protective measures include welding gas shielding trailing, closed argon-filled environment and forced cooling. For local gas protection of long straight weld of titanium alloy, the general form is welding gas shielding trailing combined with back protective gas groove and water cooling measures. For the back protection of the circular weld, the back gas shielding or the whole argon filled protection method can be adopted, and the front protection can use the welding gas shielding trailing. However, due to the limitation of the shape of the irregular weld, the method of welding gas shielding trailing is no longer applicable. The simple argon-filled protective box can be used for small size components, while the protection problem of large size components needs to be solved urgently. The heat accumulation in the additive manufacturing process also increases requirements for its protection form. At present, good results have been achieved by the laminar inert gas and followed by forced CO2 cooling process.
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Key words:
- titanium alloy /
- welding /
- oxidation /
- local shielding
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图 2 环缝焊接同步式背面拖罩保护示意
Figure 2. Schematic of synchronous backside trailing shields for circular welding
图 3 管道全位置等离子弧自动焊接设备
1-剖分式轨道装置；2-焊接小车行走机构；3-背面保护及观察装置；4-等离子弧焊接设备；5-控制系统
Figure 3. Structure of full-position plasma arc automatic welding equipment
图 4 环缝焊接封闭式充氩保护示意
Figure 4. Schematic of closed Ar-filled trailing shields for circular welding
图 5 粗细两管相贯线焊接
1—出气管; 2、6、7—堵塞器; 3—粗管;4—细管; 5、8—进气管; 9—出气口流线
Figure 5. Intersecting line welding of two different diameter pipes
图 9 采用层间强制冷却措施的非熔化极电弧增材制造系统示意
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the GT-WAAM deposition system with forced interpass cooling
图 10 Ti6Al4V增材试样的表面外观
Figure 10. The surface appearance of Ti6Al4V parts fabricated at different conditions
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