Study on microstructure and properties of low-alloy steel fabricated by laser wire-feed additive manufacturing
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摘要: 通过清洁炼钢、热轧、拉拔工艺开发了增材制造专用的低合金钢丝，并用此钢丝进行了激光3D打印试验。打印件的力学性能分别为屈服强度857 MPa、抗拉强度930 MPa、延伸率18%，−40℃的平均低温冲击韧性达到了118 J，可以满足900 MPa级海工用增材制造的使用。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜对打印件微观组织的分析，发现微观组织为粒状贝氏体、板条状贝氏体和弥散分布的马奥岛（M-A）组织，在贝氏体基体上弥散分布的马奥岛组织可以同时提高打印件的拉伸性能和冲击性能。Abstract: In this investigation, the low-alloy steel wire applied in additive manufacturing was made by clean steelmaking, hot rolling and drawing; subsequently, laser wire-feed additive manufacturing was carried out with this steel wire. The mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts are the yield strength of 857 MPa, the tensile strength of 930 MPa and the elongation of 18%, the average low-temperature impact toughness of −40 ℃ reaches 118 J, respectively, whose can meet the requirements of 900 MPa class in the marine engineering field by the method of additive manufacturing. In terms of scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and analysis of the microstructure of the printed pieces, the results showed that the microstructure was composed of granular bainite, lath bainite and diffusely distributed martensite-austenite constituents on the bainitic matrix, whose could improve the tensile property and impact property simultaneously.
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Key words:
- additive manufacturing /
- low alloy steel /
- steel wire /
- bainite /
- martensite-austenite constituent /
- impact toughness
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图 2 激光熔丝3D打印示意
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of 3D printing of laser wire-feed using wire material
图 3 (a)贝氏体的SEM形貌照片, (b)马奥岛组织
Figure 3. SEM microscope micrographs of (a) bainite; (b) martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents
图 4 断口形貌的扫描电镜照片
Figure 4. SEM microscope micrographs at different fractured states (a) tensile fracture; (b) impact fracture
图 5 (a)板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体整体形貌；(b)板条贝氏体之间的马奥岛透射电镜照片； (c)粒状贝氏体之间的马奥岛透射电镜照片
Figure 5. TEM microscope micrographs of experimental steel. (a) Overall morphology of lath bainite and granular bainite; (b) M-A constituents between lath bainites; (c) M-A constituents between granular bainites
图 6 (a)板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体EBSD照片；(b)奥氏体组织分布的EBSD照片
Figure 6. (a) EBSD inverse pole figure (IPF) map of the lath and granular bainite; (b) EBSD phase map of the austenite
表 1 钢丝主要化学成分
Table 1. Main chemical compositions of wire
% C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo O N H P S 0.07 0.38 1.76 2.51 0.49 0.50 ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.002 0.006 0.003 
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表 2 激光熔丝增材制造试验技术参数
Table 2. Technical parameters of laser wire-feed additive manufacturing
光丝距/
mm扫描速度/
(mm·s−1)喂丝速度/
(mm·s−1)功率/
kW离焦量/
mm前2.0 10 30 3.2 50
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表 3 打印金属拉伸性能
Table 3. Tensile properties of printed metal
牌号 屈服强度/
MPa抗拉强度/
MPa延伸率/
%断面收缩率/
%AFEW 6-86 857 930 18 35
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表 4 打印金属冲击性能
Table 4. Impact properties of printed metal
牌号 −40 ℃冲击功（Ak）/J 1 2 3 4 5 均值 AFEW 6-86 112 111 122 121 123 118
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