Effect of SPS sintering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC / 6061Al composites
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摘要: 采用低速卧式球磨法和放电等离子烧结法（SPS）制备了2％TiC/6061Al复合材料，利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪和拉伸试验研究了不同烧结温度和压力对该复合材料致密度、显微结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明，当烧结温度为500 ℃时，烧结不充分，颗粒之间结合不紧密，导致复合材料致密度过低；当烧结温度为550 ℃时，超过了Al基体的熔点，少部分熔融Al飞溅并溢出模具，导致模具内压力不平衡，从而降低了复合材料致密度。复合材料致密度和力学性能随着烧结压力的增大而增大，故选取模具所能承受的最大压力作为最佳烧结压力。故当烧结温度为525 ℃、烧结压力为40 MPa时，该复合材料的致密度、硬度和强度均达到最大值。Abstract: The 2% TiC/6061Al composites were prepared by low-speed horizontal ball milling and spark plasma sintering ( SPS ). The effects of different sintering temperatures and pressures on the density, microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, microhardness tester and tensile test. The results show that when the sintering temperature is 500 ℃, the sintering is not sufficient, and the binding between the particles is not close, which leads to low density of the composite material. When the sintering temperature is 550 ℃ which exceeds melting point of Al matrix, a small amount of molten Al splashes and overflows the mold, resulting in unbalanced pressure in the mold, thereby reducing the density of the composite material. The density and mechanical properties of the composites increase with increase of the sintering pressure, so the maximum pressure that the mold can withstand is selected as the optimal sintering pressure. Therefore, when the sintering temperature is 525 ℃ and the sintering pressure is 40 MPa, the density, hardness and strength of the composite material reach the maximum values.
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图 1 6061Al基体表面的SEM形貌
Figure 1. SEM image of the surface morphology of 6061Al substrate
图 2 低能卧式球磨下粉体混合状态的SEM形貌
(a)×500倍；(b)×1000倍；(c)×2000倍
Figure 2. SEM image of powder mixing state under low energy horizontal ball milling
图 3 低速卧式球磨后2%TiC/6061Al的XRD谱
Figure 3. XRD patterns of 2% TiC/6061Al after low-speed horizontal ball milling
图 4 不同烧结温度下的2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的SEM形貌
Figure 4. SEM images of 2% TiC / 6061Al composites sintered at different temperatures
图 5 不同烧结温度下2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的拉伸断口SEM形貌
Figure 5. SEM images of tensile fracture morphology of 2% TiC/6061Al composites at different sintering temperatures
(a)、 (b)、 (c)：500 ℃; (d)、 (e)、 (f)：525 ℃; (g) 、(h) 、(i) ：550 ℃
图 6 不同烧结压力下2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的SEM形貌
Figure 6. SEM images of 2% TiC/6061Al composites under different sintering pressures
表 1 6061Al合金主要元素成分
Table 1. Main chemical composition of 6061Al alloy
% Al Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Ni Co 97.85 0.555 0.092 0.247 0.004 1.07 0.112 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.005 
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表 2 6061Al的主要性能参数
Table 2. Main performance parameters of 6061Al
密度/
（g·cm−3）抗拉强
度/MPa屈服强
度/MPa延伸率/
%弹性系
数/GPa抗弯强
度/MPa2.75 124 55.2 25 68.9 228
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表 3 TiC的主要性能参数
Table 3. The main performance parameters of TiC
密度/
（g·cm−3）熔点/ ℃ 努氏硬度/
GPa弹性模量/
GPa热膨胀系
数/ ℃−14.93 3067 28～35 440 7.74×10−6
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表 4 不同烧结温度下的2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的致密度
Table 4. The relative density of 2% TiC/6061Al composites sintered at different temperatures
T/ ℃ 理论密度/(g·cm−3） 实际密度/(g·cm−3） 致密度/% 500 2.793 2.583 92.4 525 2.793 2.732 97.8 550 2.793 2.685 96.1
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表 5 不同烧结温度下制备的2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的力学性能
Table 5. Mechanical properties of 2% TiC/6061Al composites sintered at different temperatures
T/℃ 抗拉强
度/MPa屈服强
度/MPa弹性模
量/GPa延伸率/
%抗弯强
度/MPa硬度
（HV）500 246 204 62 6.4 342 63 525 281 233 78 7.8 401 75 550 263 218 69 6.6 382 66
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表 6 不同烧结压力下的2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的致密度
Table 6. Density of 2% TiC/6061Al composites under different sintering pressures
压力/MPa 理论密度/(g·cm−3） 实际密度/(g·cm−3） 致密度/% 20 2.793 2.684 96.1 30 2.793 2.732 97.8 40 2.793 2.756 98.6
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表 7 不同烧结压力下制备的2%TiC/6061Al复合材料的力学性能
Table 7. Mechanical properties of 2% TiC/6061Al composites sintered at different sintering pressures
压力/
MPa抗拉强
度/MPa屈服强
度/MPa弹性模
量/GPa延伸率/
%抗弯强
度/MPa硬度
（HV）20 233 193 60 4.2 337 54 30 251 208 69 6.3 351 69 40 266 220 74 7.6 386 77
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