Preparation and properties of high-strength fired water permeable brick containing vanadium-titanium iron ore tailings
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摘要: 以钒钛铁尾矿为主要原料制备高强烧结透水砖，采用正交试验法、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜 （SEM）和能谱分析 (EDS)研究了钒钛铁尾矿高强烧结透水砖的基本性能、烧结机理。结果表明，当烧结透水砖中钒钛铁尾矿掺量为77%，烧结温度为1070 ℃，保温时间110 min时，烧制的产品抗压强度和透水系数分别达到65.7 MPa和0.063 cm/s，符合《透水砖》 (JC/T 945-2005) 中Cc60级产品的要求；高强烧结透水砖烧结后的产物为透辉石（CaMgSi2O6）和普通辉石（Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6）。随着烧结温度和保温时间的延长，低熔点元素P、Na、K溶出，烧结产物中Fe、Al元素的含量增多，透辉石中的多数Ca2+被Fe3+置换，使得普通辉石成为主晶相。烧结产物中的孔洞随着烧结温度的提高，发生了由大小不一的密闭孔→孔径不规则的联通孔→不规则塌陷孔→孔径小且均匀圆形孔的变化，这种变化为高强烧结透水砖的透水性提供了保障。该研究提高了钒钛铁尾矿的利用率，为钒钛铁尾矿的大规模应用提供了新途径。Abstract: In order to promote the efficient comprehensive utilization of vanadium-titanium iron ore tailings (VTIOTs), the basic properties and firing mechanism of high-strength fired water permeable bricks (HSFWPB) containing VTIOTs were investigated by using orthogonal test method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy spectrum analysis (EDS). The results show that when the content of VTIOTs in HSFWPB is 77%, the firing temperature (FT) is 1070 ℃ and the holding time is 110 min, the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of the fired product reach 65.7 MPa and 0.063 cm/s, respectively, which meet the requirements of Cc60 grade products set by “water permeable brick” standard (JC/T 945—2005). The products of HSFWPB containing VTIOTs after firing are diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and augite (Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6). With the increase of FT and the extension of HT, the low melting point elements of P, Na, K dissolve out, and the contents of Fe and Al in the firing products increase; most of Ca2+ in diopside is replaced by Fe3+, and thus, augite becomes the main crystal phase. With the increase of FT, the pores in the fired products change as follows: closed holes with different sizes→connected pores with irregular diameters→irregular collapse pores→small and uniform circular pores, which provides a guarantee for the permeability of HSFWPB containing VTIOTs. The research has improved the utilization rate of VTIOTs and provides a new approach for the large-scale application of VTIOTs.
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图 1 原料的粒度分布
1：>4.75 μm；2：4.75~2.36 μm；3：2.36~1.18 μm；4：1.18~0.60 μm；5：0.60~0.30 μm；6：0.30~0.15 μm；7：−0.15 μmA：>0.30 μm；B：0.30~0.15 μm；C：0.15~0.074 μm；D：−0.074 μm
Figure 1. Particle size distribution of raw materials
图 4 高强烧结透水砖基本性能的极差分析
Figure 4. Range analysis diagrams of basic properties for HSFWPB containing VTIOTs
图 5 不同烧结条件下高强烧结透水砖的XRD谱
Figure 5. XRD patterns of HSFWPB containing VTIOTs under different firing conditions
图 6 不同烧结温度下高强烧结透水砖的SEM形貌
（a）1010 ℃；（b）1030 ℃；（c）1050 ℃；（d）1070 ℃
Figure 6. SEM images of HSFWPB containing VTIOTs at different firing temperatures
表 1 原料的主要化学成分
Table 1. Main chemical components of raw materials
% 原料 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2O MgO Na2O P2O5 TiO2 其他 烧失量 钒钛铁尾矿 41.13 7.83 11.05 20.38 0.42 12.52 0.54 0.26 0.87 1.90 3.10 湖泊底泥 52.08 13.64 4.89 5.27 3.06 1.97 0.35 2.07 0.15 2.41 14.11 铜尾矿 47.59 6.08 5.50 5.16 1.73 26.25 0.65 0.08 2.74 4.22 未煅烧煤矸石 36.75 30.81 0.62 1.34 0.18 0.64 1.14 0.07 2.08 26.37 煅烧煤矸石 52.01 35.88 3.51 1.72 0.37 0.79 2.24 0.12 2.53 0.83 
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表 2 正交试验方案及测试结果
Table 2. Orthogonal test scheme and results for HSFWPB containing VTIOTs
编号 因素 方案 抗压强
度/MPa透水系数/
(cmˑs−1)A
（掺量/%）B（烧结
温度/ ℃）C（保温
时间/min）1 75 1010 50 A1B1C1 40.2 0.108 2 75 1030 80 A1B2C2 49.6 0.092 3 75 1050 110 A1B3C3 60.7 0.079 4 75 1070 140 A1B4C4 67.5 0.057 5 77 1010 80 A2B1C2 38.1 0.115 6 77 1030 50 A2B2C1 42.2 0.098 7 77 1050 140 A2B3C4 58.3 0.077 8 77 1070 110 A2B4C3 65.7 0.063 9 79 1010 110 A3B1C3 37.6 0.115 10 79 1030 140 A3B2C4 44.2 0.088 11 79 1050 50 A3B3C1 45.4 0.090 12 79 1070 80 A3B4C2 58.5 0.079 13 81 1010 140 A4B1C4 36.3 0.119 14 81 1030 110 A4B2C3 38.7 0.112 15 81 1050 80 A4B3C2 42.5 0.087 16 81 1070 50 A4B4C1 44.6 0.082
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表 3 钒钛铁尾矿高强烧结基本性能方差分析
Table 3. Variance analysis table of basic properties for HSFWPB containing VTIOTs
性能指标 方差来源 掺量/% 烧结温度/ ℃ 保温时间/min 误差 总和 抗压强度 离差平方和 444.6875 992.1875 173.1875 25.375 1635.4375 自由度 3 3 3 6 15 均方 148.229 330.729 57.729 4.229 检验统计量 35.05 78.21 13.65 临界值 F0.05(3,6)=4.76 F0.25(3,6)=1.78 显著性 显著 显著 显著 透水系数 离差平方和 0.00054 0.00044 0.00024 0.00412 0.00534 自由度 3 3 3 6 15 均方 0.000180 0.000147 0.000080 0.000687 检验统计量 0.26 0.21 0.12 临界值 F0.05(3,6)=4.76 F0.25(3,6)=1.78 显著性 不显著 不显著 不显著
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