Study on the hot deformation characteristics of M35 high speed steel by electron beam smelting
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摘要: 利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对电子束熔炼M35高速钢进行了热压缩试验，研究了其在变形温度为1273～1423 K，应变速率为0.01～10 s−1条件下的热变形行为，研究了其碳化物组织的演变规律，建立了电子束熔炼M35高速钢的热变形本构方程，并通过动态材料模型(DMM)建立了电子束熔炼M35高速钢的热加工图。同时将其与普通熔炼M35高速钢的热变形行为进行比较分析。结果表明，电子束熔炼M35高速钢的真应力-应变曲线符合动态再结晶曲线特征，在高应变速率下曲线出现锯齿特征，流变应力随应变速率的提高和温度的减小而增大。热变形过程中的变形行为可用双曲正弦函数来表征，其平均激活能为504.642 kJ/mol。通过热加工图能展现M35高速钢的热变形失稳区域，得到其热加工的最佳变形条件的区域为：变形温度为1400～1423 K, 应变速率为0.01～1 s−1。Abstract: A Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine was used to conduct thermal compression experiments on electron beam melting M35 high speed steel. The hot deformation behavior under the conditions of deformation temperature of 1 273～1 423 K and strain rate of 0.01～10 s−1 was established. The evolution law of its carbide structure was studied, the thermal deformation constitutive equation of electron beam melting M35 high-speed steel, and the use of dynamic material model (DMM) to establish the electron beam melting M35 high speed steel hot processing map. At the same time, it is compared and analyzed with the hot deformation behavior of normal melting M35 high speed steel, The results show that the true stress-strain curve of electron beam melting M35 high speed steel conforms to the characteristics of dynamic recrystallization curve, the curve appears jagged at high strain rates, and the stress increases with the increase of strain rate and decrease of temperature. The deformation behavior in the hot deformation process can be characterized by a hyperbolic sine function, and its average activation energy is 504.642 kJ/mol. Through the hot processing map, the hot deformation instability area of M35 high-speed steel is intuitively displayed, and the best deformation conditions for hot working are obtained as follows: the deformation temperature is 1 400～1 423 K, and the strain rate is 0.01～1 s−1 .
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图 1 铸态电子束熔炼M35高速钢的组织形貌
Figure 1. Microstructure of as-cast M35 high speed steel melted by electron beam
图 2 电子束熔炼M35高速钢在温度为1373 K时各应变速率下的微观组织
Figure 2. Microstructure of electron beam smelting M35 high speed steel at various strain rates deformed at temperature of 1 373 K
(a) 0.01 s−1; (b) 0.1 s−1; (c) 1 s−1; (d) 10 s−1
图 3 电子束熔炼M35高速钢在应变速率为0.1 s−1时各温度下的微观组织
Figure 3. Microstructure of electron beam smelting M35 high speed steel deformed at various temperature with a strain rate of 0.1 s−1
(a) 1 273 K; (b) 1 323 K; (c) 1 373 K; (d) 1 423 K
图 4 电子束熔炼M35高速钢在不同温度和应变速率条件下的真应力-应变曲线
Figure 4. True stress-true strain curves for electron beam smelting M35 high speed steel during hot deformation under different conditions
图 5 M35高速钢在不同应变速率下的峰值应力随温度变化的规律曲线
（a）电子束熔炼；（b）电渣重熔
Figure 5. Curves of peak stress change with deformation temperature with different deformation rates for electron beam smelting M35 high speed steel
图 6 不同温度下应力与应变速率的关系曲线
Figure 6. Relationship between stress and strain rate of steel deformed at different temperatures
(a) ${\sigma _P} - \ln \dot \varepsilon $; (b) $\ln {\sigma _P} - \ln \dot \varepsilon $
图 7 电子束熔炼M35高速钢在不同变形条件下个参数的对应关系
Figure 7. Relations among various parameters of electron beam smelting M35 high speed steel under different deformation conditions
(a) lnsinh (ασ) -1000/T ; (b) ln (strain rate)- lnsinh(ασ)
图 9 电子束熔炼M35高速钢在真应变为0.7时的热加工图
Figure 9. Hot processing map with true strain of 0.7 for electron beam smelting M35 high speed steel
表 1 电子束熔炼M35高速钢的化学成分
Table 1. Chemical compositions of the EBS M35 steel
% W Mo Cr V Co C Si Mn P S Fe 原料 6.42 5.06 4.17 1.85 4.62 0.93 0.44 0.21 0.029 0.004 Bal. 熔炼后 6.42 4.90 4.18 1.84 4.51 0.93 0.35 0.09 0.027 0.004 Bal. 
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