Research status and prospects of reduction and upgrading technology of converter steel slag under the Dual-Carbon background
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摘要: 钢铁行业作为高能耗、高碳排放领域，其降碳路径对实现“双碳”目标至关重要。转炉钢渣富含Fe、P、V等有价元素且携带高热值余热，其高效利用是钢铁行业降本增效的关键。系统解析了转炉渣的产排特征与多相组成，综述分选法、碳热还原、熔融还原等提铁技术，熔融改质与湿法酸浸提磷工艺，以及钒、锰等合金元素的高温还原与湿法提取路径，同时探讨了高能级钢渣余热回收技术进展。研究表明：现有技术虽已实现工业化应用，但仍面临能量损耗高（余热利用率仅30%）、元素提取效率低、环境二次污染等问题。提出，未来应聚焦复合还原体系构建、有机/无机酸协同浸出、熔融改质-余热回收耦合等方向，为钢铁工业节能减排提供了关键技术支撑。Abstract: As a high-energy consumption and high-carbon emission sector, the steel industry’s carbon reduction pathway plays a crucial role in achieving the“Dual-Carbon”goals. The converter steel slag is rich in valuable elements like Fe, P and V, and carries high-calorific waste heat, and its efficient ultilization is the key for reducing costs and increasing efficiency in steel industry. This paper systematically analyzes the production and discharge characteristics and multiphase composition of converter slag, comprehensively reviews iron extraction technologies including sorting methods, carbothermic reduction, and molten reduction, phosphorus recovery processes such as molten modification and wet acid leaching, as well as explores high-temperature reduction and hydrometallurgical extraction pathways of vanadium, manganese and other alloy elements. It also discusses technological advancements in high-grade slag waste heat recovery. Research shows that although the existing technologies have been industrialized, they still face problems such as high energy loss (merely 30% waste heat utilization rate), low elemental extraction efficiency, and secondary environmental pollution. The study proposes that in the future, the focus should be on the construction of composite reduction systems, the development of synergistic organic/inorganic acid leaching processes, and the coupling molten modification with waste heat recovery, which provides key technological support for energy conservation and emission reduction in the steel industry.
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图 4 焦炭、棕榈炭、椰子壳炭还原对比试验
Figure 4. Comparative reduction experiment of coke, palm carbon and coconut shell carbon
图 8 高温还原和重构原理示意
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of principle of high-temperature reduction and reconstruction
图 9 碱性焙烧-湿法提钒的工艺流程
Figure 9. The process flow of alkaline roasting–hydrometallurgical vanadium extraction
表 1 转炉渣的组成
Table 1. Composition of converter slag
% CaO FeO/Fe2O3 SiO2 MgO MnO Al2O3 P2O5 Others 47.5 23.8 14.3 7.1 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.1 
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表 2 转炉渣还原提质研究进展
Table 2. Research progress on reduction and quality improvement of converter slag
Converter slag reduction and upgrading Technology Reference Reduction and iron recovery from converter slag Separation method [10-13] Carbothermic reduction method [14-20] Molten reduction method [21-22] Reduction and phosphorus recovery from converter slag Molten conditioning method [23-26] Hydrometallurgical acid leaching method [27-30] Reduction and vanadium recovery from converter slag High-temperature reduction method [31-33] Roasting and acid leaching method [34-38] Reduction and extraction of other alloy elements Carbothermic reduction method [39-40] Solvent extraction method [41-42] Waste heat recovery Heat supply and power generation [43-44] Multi-stage waste heat recovery [45] Catalytic pyrolysis [46]
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表 3 最佳反应条件区间
Table 3. Optimal reaction condition interval
Factor Initial
FeOx/%R Temperature/℃ Reaction
time/minInterval range 15～30 1.0～3.0 1500 ～1550 40～60
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