2025, 46(3): 1-8.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.03.001
Abstract:
Based on comprehensive industry chain data from China’s titanium sector in 2024, this study systematically analyzed the production capacity, output, applications, and import-export dynamics of key products including titanium concentrate, sponge titanium, titanium ingots, and titanium processed materials. It summarized industry development characteristics, identified core challenges, and proposed targeted recommendations, providing strategic references for industrial optimization and upgrading.
Based on comprehensive industry chain data from China’s titanium sector in 2024, this study systematically analyzed the production capacity, output, applications, and import-export dynamics of key products including titanium concentrate, sponge titanium, titanium ingots, and titanium processed materials. It summarized industry development characteristics, identified core challenges, and proposed targeted recommendations, providing strategic references for industrial optimization and upgrading.
2025, 46(3): 12-17.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.03.003
Abstract:
To resolve the low conversion rate in single-pass roasting and ring formation in rotary kilns during conventional sodium roasting-water leaching process, this study proposed an innovative mechanical activation-granulation co-pretreatment technology. High-energy ball milling was introduced to promote phase dissociation and microstructure modification of vanadium slag, significantly enhancing its reactivity. Granulation process was optimized to improve heat transfer uniformity and oxidation rate of raw materials. Through XRD, laser particle size analysis, and BET measurements, the physicochemical evolution of vanadium slag was systematically characterized. Results indicate that mechanical activation can cause lattice distortion and diffraction peak broadening. It reduces the average particle size of vanadium slag from 43.035 μm to 7.627 μm and increases the specific surface area from 0.725 m2/g to 2.514 m2/g. The optimal roasting temperature is reduced by 50 °C, achieving a 95.38% vanadium leaching rate in single-pass roasting. This technology not only improves vanadium yield at lower temperatures but also effectively prevents rotary kiln ring formation, enabling an efficient and clean extraction process.
To resolve the low conversion rate in single-pass roasting and ring formation in rotary kilns during conventional sodium roasting-water leaching process, this study proposed an innovative mechanical activation-granulation co-pretreatment technology. High-energy ball milling was introduced to promote phase dissociation and microstructure modification of vanadium slag, significantly enhancing its reactivity. Granulation process was optimized to improve heat transfer uniformity and oxidation rate of raw materials. Through XRD, laser particle size analysis, and BET measurements, the physicochemical evolution of vanadium slag was systematically characterized. Results indicate that mechanical activation can cause lattice distortion and diffraction peak broadening. It reduces the average particle size of vanadium slag from 43.035 μm to 7.627 μm and increases the specific surface area from 0.725 m2/g to 2.514 m2/g. The optimal roasting temperature is reduced by 50 °C, achieving a 95.38% vanadium leaching rate in single-pass roasting. This technology not only improves vanadium yield at lower temperatures but also effectively prevents rotary kiln ring formation, enabling an efficient and clean extraction process.
2025, 46(3): 41-44, 52.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.03.007
Abstract:
An ultra-high strength joint between TC21 titanium alloy and G50 high-strength steel had been prepared by an improved diffusion bonding in this study. Under the constraints of a rigid mold, the diffusion bonding using the V and Cu as interlayers was carried out at 915 ℃ for 60 minutes with an axial load of 20 MPa. Unlike the traditional diffusion bonding processes where the joint was under unidirectional compressive stress, the bonded samples in this study were subjected to triaxial compressive stress state, which promoted more sufficient metal flow and elemental diffusion at the interfaces. This effectively eliminated interfacial defects such as voids and micro-pores. The tensile strength of the joint was as high as 752 MPa, which was so far the highest that have been reported in the literature for the joints between titanium and steel prepared by diffusion bonding. The interface analysis showed that there were no precipitates at the TC21/V and V/Cu interfaces, and Fe-rich precipitates were observed at the Cu/G50 interface. In the tensile test, the fracture occurred in the interface between Cu and G50, resulting from the Fe-rich precipitates.
An ultra-high strength joint between TC21 titanium alloy and G50 high-strength steel had been prepared by an improved diffusion bonding in this study. Under the constraints of a rigid mold, the diffusion bonding using the V and Cu as interlayers was carried out at 915 ℃ for 60 minutes with an axial load of 20 MPa. Unlike the traditional diffusion bonding processes where the joint was under unidirectional compressive stress, the bonded samples in this study were subjected to triaxial compressive stress state, which promoted more sufficient metal flow and elemental diffusion at the interfaces. This effectively eliminated interfacial defects such as voids and micro-pores. The tensile strength of the joint was as high as 752 MPa, which was so far the highest that have been reported in the literature for the joints between titanium and steel prepared by diffusion bonding. The interface analysis showed that there were no precipitates at the TC21/V and V/Cu interfaces, and Fe-rich precipitates were observed at the Cu/G50 interface. In the tensile test, the fracture occurred in the interface between Cu and G50, resulting from the Fe-rich precipitates.
2025, 46(3): 81-91.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.03.013
Abstract:
As a high-energy consumption and high-carbon emission sector, the steel industry’s carbon reduction pathway plays a crucial role in achieving the“Dual-Carbon”goals. The converter steel slag is rich in valuable elements like Fe, P and V, and carries high-calorific waste heat, and its efficient ultilization is the key for reducing costs and increasing efficiency in steel industry. This paper systematically analyzes the production and discharge characteristics and multiphase composition of converter slag, comprehensively reviews iron extraction technologies including sorting methods, carbothermic reduction, and molten reduction, phosphorus recovery processes such as molten modification and wet acid leaching, as well as explores high-temperature reduction and hydrometallurgical extraction pathways of vanadium, manganese and other alloy elements. It also discusses technological advancements in high-grade slag waste heat recovery. Research shows that although the existing technologies have been industrialized, they still face problems such as high energy loss (merely 30% waste heat utilization rate), low elemental extraction efficiency, and secondary environmental pollution. The study proposes that in the future, the focus should be on the construction of composite reduction systems, the development of synergistic organic/inorganic acid leaching processes, and the coupling molten modification with waste heat recovery, which provides key technological support for energy conservation and emission reduction in the steel industry.
As a high-energy consumption and high-carbon emission sector, the steel industry’s carbon reduction pathway plays a crucial role in achieving the“Dual-Carbon”goals. The converter steel slag is rich in valuable elements like Fe, P and V, and carries high-calorific waste heat, and its efficient ultilization is the key for reducing costs and increasing efficiency in steel industry. This paper systematically analyzes the production and discharge characteristics and multiphase composition of converter slag, comprehensively reviews iron extraction technologies including sorting methods, carbothermic reduction, and molten reduction, phosphorus recovery processes such as molten modification and wet acid leaching, as well as explores high-temperature reduction and hydrometallurgical extraction pathways of vanadium, manganese and other alloy elements. It also discusses technological advancements in high-grade slag waste heat recovery. Research shows that although the existing technologies have been industrialized, they still face problems such as high energy loss (merely 30% waste heat utilization rate), low elemental extraction efficiency, and secondary environmental pollution. The study proposes that in the future, the focus should be on the construction of composite reduction systems, the development of synergistic organic/inorganic acid leaching processes, and the coupling molten modification with waste heat recovery, which provides key technological support for energy conservation and emission reduction in the steel industry.
2025, 46(3): 112-121.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.03.017
Abstract:
This study investigates the effects of oxygen-enriched, oxygen blast furnace, and H2-rich oxygen blast furnace atmospheres on the softening-melting behaviors, permeabilities, and gas utilization efficiency of vanadium titanomagnetite mixed burden. The results indicate that under oxygen-rich blast furnace atmosphere, the softening start temperature of furnace burden decreases, while the softening end temperature, melting start temperature, and dripping temperature increase. Consequently, both the softening and melting intervals become widened. However, the permeabilities and total reduction gas utilization efficiency decline. Under the H2-rich oxygen blast furnace atmosphere, the introduction of H2 leads to an increase in the softening start temperature, softening end temperature, and melting start temperature. Additionally, the softening interval expands, while the melting interval narrows, resulting in the improved gas permeability and enhanced H2 utilization efficiency. Further investigation reveals that variations in the reducing gas compositions significantly influence the chemical compositions of both slags and hot metals. Under the oxygen-enriched atmosphere, the Ti(C,N) content in slag decreases markedly, whereas under fully oxygen-enriched, H2-rich conditions, the TiC content in the slag, as well as [Si], [V] and [Ti] concentrations in hot metal, increase substantially. This study provides a theoretical basis for green low-carbon technologies in vanadium titanomagnetite smelting, and offers important experimental support for improving smelting efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.
This study investigates the effects of oxygen-enriched, oxygen blast furnace, and H2-rich oxygen blast furnace atmospheres on the softening-melting behaviors, permeabilities, and gas utilization efficiency of vanadium titanomagnetite mixed burden. The results indicate that under oxygen-rich blast furnace atmosphere, the softening start temperature of furnace burden decreases, while the softening end temperature, melting start temperature, and dripping temperature increase. Consequently, both the softening and melting intervals become widened. However, the permeabilities and total reduction gas utilization efficiency decline. Under the H2-rich oxygen blast furnace atmosphere, the introduction of H2 leads to an increase in the softening start temperature, softening end temperature, and melting start temperature. Additionally, the softening interval expands, while the melting interval narrows, resulting in the improved gas permeability and enhanced H2 utilization efficiency. Further investigation reveals that variations in the reducing gas compositions significantly influence the chemical compositions of both slags and hot metals. Under the oxygen-enriched atmosphere, the Ti(C,N) content in slag decreases markedly, whereas under fully oxygen-enriched, H2-rich conditions, the TiC content in the slag, as well as [Si], [V] and [Ti] concentrations in hot metal, increase substantially. This study provides a theoretical basis for green low-carbon technologies in vanadium titanomagnetite smelting, and offers important experimental support for improving smelting efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.
2021, 42(3): 1-9.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.03.001
摘要：
从2020年我国钛工业钛精矿、海绵钛、钛锭、钛材等品种的产能、产量、应用和进出口等数据分析了我国钛工业的整体情况，并对目前行业存在的问题提出了建议。
从2020年我国钛工业钛精矿、海绵钛、钛锭、钛材等品种的产能、产量、应用和进出口等数据分析了我国钛工业的整体情况，并对目前行业存在的问题提出了建议。
2021, 42(2): 1-4.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.02.001
摘要：
总结回顾了中国钛白粉工业2019、2020年的各项行业数据和表现，分析了当前面临的形势及发展趋势，认为高质量发展成为钛白粉行业未来发展的主旋律，钛白粉产能集中度虽有提高，但洗牌效应短期内难以呈现，这也是行业发展的一个难题，另外行业监管、氯化法钛原料问题、环保及清洁生产问题仍不容忽视。
总结回顾了中国钛白粉工业2019、2020年的各项行业数据和表现，分析了当前面临的形势及发展趋势，认为高质量发展成为钛白粉行业未来发展的主旋律，钛白粉产能集中度虽有提高，但洗牌效应短期内难以呈现，这也是行业发展的一个难题，另外行业监管、氯化法钛原料问题、环保及清洁生产问题仍不容忽视。
2021, 42(5): 149-157.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.05.023
摘要：
简述了连铸板坯电磁搅拌技术的发展过程和现存问题，重点阐述了连铸板坯生产过程中结晶器内和二冷区电磁搅拌的工作原理和技术特点，对电磁搅拌器的安装位置进行了归纳，同时总结了板坯结晶器电磁搅拌和二冷区电磁搅拌的研究现状，探究了影响板坯电磁搅拌效果的因素及其主次关系，归纳了用于二冷区电磁搅拌支撑辊的作用及需继续探究的方向，分析了板坯电磁搅拌技术对铸坯内元素分布和等轴晶区间隙率的影响，为以后的板坯电磁搅拌研究者提供参考。
简述了连铸板坯电磁搅拌技术的发展过程和现存问题，重点阐述了连铸板坯生产过程中结晶器内和二冷区电磁搅拌的工作原理和技术特点，对电磁搅拌器的安装位置进行了归纳，同时总结了板坯结晶器电磁搅拌和二冷区电磁搅拌的研究现状，探究了影响板坯电磁搅拌效果的因素及其主次关系，归纳了用于二冷区电磁搅拌支撑辊的作用及需继续探究的方向，分析了板坯电磁搅拌技术对铸坯内元素分布和等轴晶区间隙率的影响，为以后的板坯电磁搅拌研究者提供参考。
2021, 42(6): 17-27.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.06.002
摘要：
主要介绍先进热成形技术、脉冲电流辅助成形技术和电磁辅助成形技术的特点，及其在钛合金薄壁板材成形中应用的研究进展。热成形是钛合金塑性加工应用最为普遍的成形工艺，利用高温下钛合金塑性变形软化的特征，能够实现复杂钛合金零件的成形。脉冲电流和电磁辅助成形技术目前尚未开展大规模的产业应用，其在高强度难成形材料的成形加工方面具有潜在应用前景。
主要介绍先进热成形技术、脉冲电流辅助成形技术和电磁辅助成形技术的特点，及其在钛合金薄壁板材成形中应用的研究进展。热成形是钛合金塑性加工应用最为普遍的成形工艺，利用高温下钛合金塑性变形软化的特征，能够实现复杂钛合金零件的成形。脉冲电流和电磁辅助成形技术目前尚未开展大规模的产业应用，其在高强度难成形材料的成形加工方面具有潜在应用前景。
2023, 44(3): 1-8.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2023.03.001
摘要：
从2022年我国钛工业钛精矿、海绵钛、钛锭、钛材等品种的产能、产量、应用和进出口等数据分析了我国钛工业的整体情况，并针对目前行业存在的问题提出了建议。
从2022年我国钛工业钛精矿、海绵钛、钛锭、钛材等品种的产能、产量、应用和进出口等数据分析了我国钛工业的整体情况，并针对目前行业存在的问题提出了建议。
2021, 42(5): 1-9.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.05.001
摘要：
从2020年全球钒资源概况，五氧化二钒、偏钒酸铵、钒铁和钒氮合金等品种的产能、产量、需求、进出口贸易和市场价格等方面阐述和分析了钒工业的整体情况，并介绍了2020年全球钒电池领域发生的主要大事件。依据目前国内外钒行业运行态势对后市进行了展望，认为全球钒扩能态势短期内不会大改，钒产品供过于求的状态将促使价格呈现盘整回归态势。“双碳”背景下的中国市场依旧是全球钒需求的主场，钒氮合金亦将成为钒产品近中期的发展趋势，钒企间的协同创新将促进钒产业逐步呈现良性“竞合”局面。
2021, 42(3): 187-192.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.03.028
摘要：
在弹簧钢55SiCr成分基础上进行钒微合金化处理，获得了55SiCrV，通过淬火+回火正交试验、显微组织观察、力学性能测试和X射线衍射等手段，研究并分析了淬火+回火工艺对弹簧钢55SiCrV微观组织和力学性能的影响，结果表明：0.20%V的添加可使55SiCrV组织中存在大量弥散均匀分布的10～35 nm含钒析出相，强化效果最佳。淬火+回火处理可以改变55SiCrV的显微组织比例，其中的残余奥氏体可以降低强度和增加塑性，55SiCrV获得最佳力学性能匹配（Rm=1 815 MPa、Z=28%）的热处理工艺为900 ℃淬火+430 ℃回火，对应其残余奥氏体含量为2.3%。
在弹簧钢55SiCr成分基础上进行钒微合金化处理，获得了55SiCrV，通过淬火+回火正交试验、显微组织观察、力学性能测试和X射线衍射等手段，研究并分析了淬火+回火工艺对弹簧钢55SiCrV微观组织和力学性能的影响，结果表明：0.20%V的添加可使55SiCrV组织中存在大量弥散均匀分布的10～35 nm含钒析出相，强化效果最佳。淬火+回火处理可以改变55SiCrV的显微组织比例，其中的残余奥氏体可以降低强度和增加塑性，55SiCrV获得最佳力学性能匹配（Rm=1 815 MPa、Z=28%）的热处理工艺为900 ℃淬火+430 ℃回火，对应其残余奥氏体含量为2.3%。
2021, 42(6): 36-42.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.06.004
摘要：
钛合金因具有高比强度、高比模量、耐腐蚀、耐低温、无磁等性能特点而被广泛应用。然而，与传统钢铁材料相比，钛合金存在弹性模量低、耐热性能不足、耐磨性差等局限，阻碍其在航空航天、兵器行业等领域的推广应用。与钛合金相比，钛基复合材料可将基体钛合金高强塑性与增强体高模量、高耐磨的优势相结合，具有比钛合金更高的弹性模量、耐磨性及高温性能，从而满足一些高承载、抗冲击、高耐磨和高温抗氧化等极端工况条件下的使用要求。从钛基复合材料发展历程出发，对钛基复合材料耐磨性研究进展加以概述，主要介绍了钛基复合材料耐磨性表征方法和摩擦磨损行为，对钛基复合材料良好耐磨性能、高耐磨钛基复合材料的设计及TMCs表面耐磨改性技术进行阐述，最后进行总结与展望。
钛合金因具有高比强度、高比模量、耐腐蚀、耐低温、无磁等性能特点而被广泛应用。然而，与传统钢铁材料相比，钛合金存在弹性模量低、耐热性能不足、耐磨性差等局限，阻碍其在航空航天、兵器行业等领域的推广应用。与钛合金相比，钛基复合材料可将基体钛合金高强塑性与增强体高模量、高耐磨的优势相结合，具有比钛合金更高的弹性模量、耐磨性及高温性能，从而满足一些高承载、抗冲击、高耐磨和高温抗氧化等极端工况条件下的使用要求。从钛基复合材料发展历程出发，对钛基复合材料耐磨性研究进展加以概述，主要介绍了钛基复合材料耐磨性表征方法和摩擦磨损行为，对钛基复合材料良好耐磨性能、高耐磨钛基复合材料的设计及TMCs表面耐磨改性技术进行阐述，最后进行总结与展望。
2021, 42(6): 1-16.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.06.001
摘要：
β相凝固TiAl合金作为第三代TiAl基金属间化合物，凭借其突出的热变形优势，在航空航天及汽车制造等高端领域具有广阔的应用空间。然而，高温β相的引入在提高合金热变形能力的同时也使得组织演变和性能优化更为复杂。同时，受合金体系及本征脆性的影响，工业化进程相对迟缓。通过综述典型β相凝固TiAl合金的制备及加工工艺、组织与性能研究进展及工业化现状，系统分析了合金制备及加工工艺和成本优势，阐明了合金体系热变形、热处理及合金化对组织演变和性能优化的作用机制，指出合金工业化发展的限制环节及未来发展趋势。
β相凝固TiAl合金作为第三代TiAl基金属间化合物，凭借其突出的热变形优势，在航空航天及汽车制造等高端领域具有广阔的应用空间。然而，高温β相的引入在提高合金热变形能力的同时也使得组织演变和性能优化更为复杂。同时，受合金体系及本征脆性的影响，工业化进程相对迟缓。通过综述典型β相凝固TiAl合金的制备及加工工艺、组织与性能研究进展及工业化现状，系统分析了合金制备及加工工艺和成本优势，阐明了合金体系热变形、热处理及合金化对组织演变和性能优化的作用机制，指出合金工业化发展的限制环节及未来发展趋势。
2022, 43(5): 1-9.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2022.05.001
摘要：
从2021年全球钒资源、产品、产能、产量、需求、进出口贸易和市场价格等方面阐述和分析了全行业的整体状况，介绍了2021年世界钒电池领域发生的主要大事件，并依据目前国内外产业运行态势对后市进行了展望，认为同“制造绿色”相比，产业本体的“绿色制造”水平仍需要得到持续提升与均衡改进；全球钒价受多因素调控影响，仍将呈现震荡、盘整态势；未来几年中国依旧为全球最大的钒供、需市场，产业供给侧扩能、扩产态势将会加速发展，中长期钒需求将由储能、钢铁及材料领域共同支撑。
从2021年全球钒资源、产品、产能、产量、需求、进出口贸易和市场价格等方面阐述和分析了全行业的整体状况，介绍了2021年世界钒电池领域发生的主要大事件，并依据目前国内外产业运行态势对后市进行了展望，认为同“制造绿色”相比，产业本体的“绿色制造”水平仍需要得到持续提升与均衡改进；全球钒价受多因素调控影响，仍将呈现震荡、盘整态势；未来几年中国依旧为全球最大的钒供、需市场，产业供给侧扩能、扩产态势将会加速发展，中长期钒需求将由储能、钢铁及材料领域共同支撑。
2023, 44(3): 1-8.
doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2023.03.001
Abstract:
