Special Topic on Preparation and Processing Technology of Titanium Alloy Materials
Effects of electroshocking treatment on residual stress and fatigue properties of titanium alloys
SONG Zhengjie, GUO Shuai, ZHANG Jian, WANG Feng, QIAN Dongsheng, LI Kuo, ZHAO Longzhe
2026, 47(2): 1-8.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.001
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Abstract:
Regulating residual stress and optimizing stress distribution in metallic materials is crucial for enhancing fatigue performance. This study systematically investigates the effects of electroshocking treatment (EST) on the residual stress regulation and vibration fatigue properties of TC11 titanium alloy. The results demonstrate that EST significantly homogenizes the surface and gradient macroscopic residual stress without significantly altering the phase structure. XRD and EBSD analyses reveal that after EST, the dislocation density is reduced by 9.68%, the standard deviation of the KAM value is decreased by 20%, the microstrain is effectively mitigated, and the stress concentration zones are substantially eliminated. Vibration fatigue tests confirm that the average fatigue life of the specimens is remarkably improved from 4.55×105 cycles to 3.60×106 cycles. Further HRTEM analysis verifies that the energy generated by EST can drive atomic rearrangement in stress concentration regions, thereby reducing dislocation density and alleviating lattice distortion. In summary, EST provides an efficient and novel strategy for precise residual stress regulation and fatigue performance enhancement of TC11 titanium alloy.
Ferrous Metallurgy and Materials
Distribution of inclusions with different compositions in the unsteady ladel exchange slabs of automotive outer panel
GAO Jinqiao, YANG Zhishun, ZHANG Yinhui, YANG Jian, GONG Jian, HUANG Fuxiang, PEI Xingwei
2026, 47(2): 132-142.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.015
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Abstract:
In the present work, a statistical analysis of micro-inclusions and large-size inclusions was conducted in 31-meter-long unsteady ladel exchange slabs of two heats (A and B) of IF steel for automotive outer panels, combined with thermodynamic calculation of inclusion precipitation during the solidification process of continuous casting slabs using FactSage 8.1. Analytical results demonstrate that the main micro-inclusions larger than 5 μm are identified as Al2O3 inclusions, TiN inclusions and Al2O3+TiN composite inclusions, respectively. Typical large-size inclusions above 30 μm extracted in the ladel exchange slabs extracted by the large-sample electrolysis mainly include blocky and clustered Al2O3 inclusions of 100-200 μm, entrapped irregular mold flux particles of approximately 800 μm, SiO2+Al2O3 inclusions with the sizes of 100-300 μm, and spherical calcium aluminate inclusions with the sizes of 30-100 μm. During the pouring of B furnace, there is a significant increase in the contents of four types of large inclusions in the transition slabs at 3 m before and 14 m after the start of pouring, and the contents of inclusions in larger size ranges increase more significantly. The average contents of SiO2+Al2O3 inclusions, Al2O3 inclusions, entrapped mold flux and CaO+Al2O3 inclusions in the transition slabs are 13, 3, 3.5 and 7 times those in the normal slabs, respectively.
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Current Research Status and Development of High-temperature Titanium Alloys
Huang Dong, Yang Shaoli, Ma Lan, Liao Xin, Piao Rongxun
2018, 39(1): 60-66.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2018.01.012
[Abstract](1355) [PDF 344KB](50)
摘要:
介绍高温钛合金发展历程和目前的应用领域, 对比国内外高温钛合金研究的现状, 以及合金化元素对高温钛合金的影响。目前600℃高温钛合金主要有美国的Ti1100、英国的IMI834、俄罗斯的BT18、BT36以及中国的Ti60、Ti600, 通过分析主要国家高温钛合金的研究发展状况, 工作温度突破600℃并能在高温下长期稳定工作, 需要克服高温抗蠕变和高温抗氧化两个关键阻碍因素。指出了今后高温钛合金的重点研究方向是制备颗粒增强钛基复合材料, 采用3D打印增材制造技术, 加强TiAl基合金的研究。
Research and Development of Titanium Microalloyed High Strength Steel
Huo Xiangdong, Xia Jinian, Li Liejun, Peng Zhengwu, Chen Songjun
2017, 38(4): 105-112.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2017.04.019
[Abstract](370) [PDF 1121KB](14)
摘要:
简要回顾了国内外钛微合金化高强钢的发展历程, 详细论述了700 MPa以上级别钛微合金化高强钢的研发现状, 着重阐述了钛微合金化高强钢中纳米碳化物析出行为 (形变诱导析出与相间析出) 的研究现状, 并分析了钛微合金化技术的发展趋势, 旨在进一步完善钛微合金化物理冶金学理论, 为钛微合金化高强钢的发展和工业应用提供一定的指导。
Research Status and Prospect of Vanadium Extraction from Vanadium Titano-magnetite
Chang Fuzeng, Zhao Beibei, Li Lanjie, Geng Litang, Zhang Zhenquan
2018, 39(5): 71-78.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2018.05.013
[Abstract](528) [PDF 756KB](23)
摘要:
系统阐述了钒钛磁铁矿提钒过程,主要介绍了直接提钒、钒渣提钒、钢渣提钒的方法,分析讨论了各种方法的优缺点,并对提钒新技术进行了探讨,最后指出:钒渣钙法提钒、亚熔盐清洁提钒、硫酸法钒铬共提是今后研究的重点;氯化法制备高纯氧化钒技术因流程短、过程清洁、产品纯度高,具有良好的应用前景;寻求短流程、规模化、低成本、收率高、无污染的清洁提钒工艺将是未来钒钛磁铁矿提钒的发展方向。
Market Analysis of Vanadium and Progress on Technologies of Vanadium Extraction from Stone Coal
Hu Yibo, Ye Guohua, Wang Heng, Zuo Qi, Xie Yu
2019, 40(2): 31-40.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2019.02.006
[Abstract](443) [PDF 996KB](15)
摘要:
我国钒产量居世界第一,由于近年来钒价出现上涨,市场前景较为乐观,预计这将极大地促进石煤提钒产业的发展。石煤作为我国优势的钒矿资源,一直未能得到充分的开采利用,需要先进工艺的研发为行业提供支撑。针对传统提钒工艺的不足,从流程上对石煤提钒的工艺进展进行了归纳和分析:钙化焙烧能实现绿色生产,但缺点是选择性较差;空白焙烧污染和生产成本最低,但酸耗高、浸出时间长、酸浸液杂质含量较多;直接酸浸工艺具有能耗低、污染小、浸出指标高的优点,但硫酸消耗大、浸出时间长、对设备耐腐蚀性要求高;低温硫酸化焙烧工艺具有能耗低、污染小、效率高等优点,但技术尚不成熟;其他类型的先进工艺(如超声波和微波技术、循环流化床设备、微生物处理技术等)受技术和设备发展水平的限制,距离工业化应用还有相当长的一段路程。
Effect of Different Treatment Processes on Expansion Stability of Steel Slag
Xu Bo, Lan Tianzhu, Liu Chaohui, Liu Li
2020, 41(1): 88-94.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2020.01.016
[Abstract](320) [PDF 1554KB](10)
摘要:
针对钢渣体积膨胀导致在工程应用中稳定性较差的问题,依据游离氧化钙(f-CaO)的水化反应理论,运用乙酸浸泡与掺入微硅粉两种方法来降低钢渣的体积膨胀率。乙酸溶液体积分数为10%、15%、20%;微硅粉掺量为0.6%、1.2%、2.4%、4.8%。研究结果表明,两种方法均能有效降低钢渣的体积膨胀率,其改善效果与试剂掺量呈正相关;在乙酸浸泡组中,浸泡3 h就能完全发挥作用,各组降低幅度均在76.1%以上;在加微硅粉的组中,不同掺量下膨胀率降低幅度差异明显,当微硅粉掺入量超过2.4%时,膨胀率值会降低至2%以下,当掺入量为4.8%时,膨胀率值为0.4%,降低幅度高达87.1%。
Review of continue casting slab electromagnetic stirring technology
Yang Bao, Zhang Hui, Wang Minglin, Wang Xuebin, Liu Bin, Liu Shuai
2021, 42(5): 149-157.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.05.023
[Abstract](1730) [FullText HTML](317) [PDF 966KB](105)
摘要:
简述了连铸板坯电磁搅拌技术的发展过程和现存问题,重点阐述了连铸板坯生产过程中结晶器内和二冷区电磁搅拌的工作原理和技术特点,对电磁搅拌器的安装位置进行了归纳,同时总结了板坯结晶器电磁搅拌和二冷区电磁搅拌的研究现状,探究了影响板坯电磁搅拌效果的因素及其主次关系,归纳了用于二冷区电磁搅拌支撑辊的作用及需继续探究的方向,分析了板坯电磁搅拌技术对铸坯内元素分布和等轴晶区间隙率的影响,为以后的板坯电磁搅拌研究者提供参考。
Current research status of advanced forming technology for high-performance titanium alloys
Li Junzhao, Sun Qingjie, Yu Hang
2021, 42(6): 17-27.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.06.002
[Abstract](3409) [FullText HTML](669) [PDF 1729KB](355)
摘要:
主要介绍先进热成形技术、脉冲电流辅助成形技术和电磁辅助成形技术的特点,及其在钛合金薄壁板材成形中应用的研究进展。热成形是钛合金塑性加工应用最为普遍的成形工艺,利用高温下钛合金塑性变形软化的特征,能够实现复杂钛合金零件的成形。脉冲电流和电磁辅助成形技术目前尚未开展大规模的产业应用,其在高强度难成形材料的成形加工方面具有潜在应用前景。
Report on China titanium industry in 2020
Jia Hong, Lu Fusheng, Hao Bin
2021, 42(3): 1-9.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.03.001
[Abstract](3456) [FullText HTML](2255) [PDF 867KB](857)
摘要:
从2020年我国钛工业钛精矿、海绵钛、钛锭、钛材等品种的产能、产量、应用和进出口等数据分析了我国钛工业的整体情况,并对目前行业存在的问题提出了建议。
Study on Texture of Sinter with Different Basicity
Liu Lina, Han Xiuli, Liu Lei
2017, 38(2): 112-115.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2017.02.019
[Abstract](371) [PDF 3414KB](14)
摘要:
采用偏光显微镜对不同碱度不同类型烧结矿矿相结构进行系统研究。结果表明:磁铁矿型及赤铁矿型烧结矿金属相为磁铁矿及赤铁矿, 而含钛型烧结矿出现钙钛矿;不同类型烧结矿黏结相均为铁酸钙、硅酸二钙及玻璃质。随碱度的增加, 不同类型烧结矿金属相含量降低, 黏结相含量增加, 且铁酸钙含量增加明显;显微结构逐渐均匀化, 磁铁矿型及赤铁矿型烧结矿由斑状结构过渡为交织熔蚀结构, 钒钛型烧结矿由钛磁铁矿及钙钛矿共同分布结构过渡为熔蚀结构。
Structure-activity Relationship of Organic Amine Extractants and Their Solvent Extraction of Vanadium
Chen Ziyang, Ye Guohua, Zuo Qi, Xie Yu, Zhang Hao
2020, 41(3): 8-15.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2020.03.001
[Abstract](514) [PDF 570KB](24)
摘要:
分析了有机胺类萃取剂的构效关系及其萃钒机理,结果表明:有机胺类萃取剂是以阴离子交换为特征、N原子为萃取功能基的碱性萃取剂;伯胺和叔胺在酸性体系中发生质子化后形成铵盐,季胺盐类不需质子化;伯胺与氢键形成缔合物从而选择性优先萃钒,常用于萃取钒铬渣浸出液中的钒,传统单一伯胺最优萃取pH值一般小于4;叔胺与体系中含钒配合阴离子形成缔合物从而萃钒,其在更低pH值下萃取性能更好,尤其在萃取含铁杂质的浸出液中钒时性能优良,但叔胺饱和容量小、萃取剂消耗量大且易产生第三相;强碱性季胺盐与含钒溶液接触时,含钒阴离子与萃取剂中Cl-发生交换,从而使钒进入有机相,季胺盐类存在饱和容量低以及分相平衡时间较长的问题。评述了近年来有机胺类萃取剂萃钒的研究进展,指出了今后的研究方向:探索最佳萃取pH值、提高改性剂性能、与其它试剂协同萃钒、优化萃取前的提钒工序等,同时加强胺类萃取剂萃钒机制的探究,开发高效且适应范围广的新型胺类萃取剂。
Microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of (TiC+TiB) reinforced titanium matrix composites by vacuum induction suspension melting
Wang Zhenling, Yu Yucheng, Li Ruizhi, Li Qiang, Han Jiaping, Ma Lan
2021, 42(5): 54-61.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.05.009
[Abstract](1693) [FullText HTML](755) [PDF 1437KB](755)
Abstract:
(TiC+TiB)/Ti-6Al-4Sn-8Zr-0.8Mo-1.5Nb-1W-0.25Si titanium matrix composites were prepared by vacuum induction suspension melting, with the reinforcement composition volume ratio respectively at 0%, 2% and 4%. The microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of the composites were investigated by metallographic microscope, SEM, XRD, TEM and high temperature tensile testing machine. The results show that the titanium alloy is mainly composed of α-Ti phase and Ti2ZrAl phase, and the Ti2ZrAl phase is distributed at the junction of α-Ti flakes. In addition, there also exist polygonal bulk TiC and long TiB whiskers. The microstructure of the titanium alloy is typical widmandgren structure, and the α-Ti phase presents long needlelike shape with nearly parallel arrangement in the β-Ti grains. In titanium matrix composites, with the increase of reinforcement composition, the length to diameter ratio of α-Ti significantly decreases, and the grain size of β-Ti is refined. The strength of titanium matrix composites is increased significantly at 650~700 ℃. The best strengthening effect appears at 650 ℃ for the composites with 2% reinforcement composition while at 700 ℃ for the composites with 4% reinforcement composition. When the temperature exceeds 700 ℃, the strengthening effect of the reinforcement composition is weakened. The plasticity of the composites is generally low. The strengthening mechanism of the titanium matrix composites are attributed to the grain refinement, solid solution strengthening and load transfer strengthening. The fracture mode of the titanium matrix composites is brittle fracture under high temperature tensile conditions.
Report on China titanium industry in 2022
An Zhongsheng, Chen Yan, Zhao Wei
2023, 44(3): 1-8.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2023.03.001
[Abstract](4461) [FullText HTML](1167) [PDF 1967KB](1167)
Abstract:
The overall situation of China titanium industry was analyzed on the basis of capacity, output, application, and import and export amount of titanium concentrate, titanium sponge, titanium ingot and titanium materials in 2022. The existed problems and the corresponding suggestions were also proposed.
2023 China titanium industry development report
An Zhongsheng, Chen Yan, Zhao Wei, Huai Jin
2024, 45(3): 1-8.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2024.03.001
[Abstract](4288) [FullText HTML](883) [PDF 1338KB](883)
Abstract:
Based on the data of production capacity, output, application and import and export of titanium products such as titanium concentrate, titanium sponge, titanium ingot and titanium material in China in 2023, the overall situation of China’s titanium industry was analyzed, and the corresponding suggestions to help resolve problems existing in the current titanium industry were put forward.
Report on China titanium industry in 2020
Jia Hong, Lu Fusheng, Hao Bin
2021, 42(3): 1-9.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.03.001
[Abstract](3456) [FullText HTML](2255) [PDF 867KB](2255)
Abstract:
The overall situation of China titanium industry was analyzed in basis of the production capacity, application and import & export amount of titanium concentrate, titanium sponge, titanium ingot and titanium materials in 2020. The existed problems and the corresponding suggestions were also proposed.
Global vanadium industry development report 2020
Wu You, Chen Donghui, Liu Wuhan, Sun Zhaohui, Zhang Bangxu
2021, 42(5): 1-9.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.05.001
[Abstract](3774) [FullText HTML](886) [PDF 1046KB](886)
Abstract:

The overall situation of the global vanadium industry was elaborated and analyzed from the global vanadium resources and the production capacity, the output, supply and demand, import and export, as well as the market prices of vanadium pentoxide, ammonium metavanadate, ferrovanadium and vanadium-nitrogen (VN) alloys in 2020. The major events in the global vanadium battery field are also introduced. Based on the current operating situation of the vanadium industry at home and abroad, the outlook for the market is forecasted, and it is believed that the global vanadium expansion situation will not be greatly changed in the short term, and the oversupply will bring about the price fluctuation of vanadium products in the specific range. The Chinese market under the background of “efforts to achieve carbon peak and neutrality goals” is still the main focus for global vanadium demand, and VN alloys will also be the trend of vanadium products in the near and mid-term. Collaborative innovation between vanadium enterprises will promote the vanadium industry to gradually show a positive “competition and cooperation” situation.

Development and analysis on 2022 titanium dioxide industry in China
Bi Sheng
2023, 44(1): 1-3.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2023.01.001
[Abstract](2086) [FullText HTML](1410) [PDF 608KB](1410)
Abstract:
This paper summarizes and sorts the operational data of titanium dioxide industry in China in 2022, such as production capacity, yield, apparent market demand, production capacity distribution, etc., and focuses on analyzing the recent growth trend of titanium dioxide production capacity and the corresponding changes in the supply and demand relationship of titanium ore raw materials. It is pointed out that the yield and production capacity of titanium dioxide in 2022 will continue to maintain an increasing trend, and the concentration of production capacity will be further improved. At the same time, the further expansion of the scale of existing producers and the increase of joining projects outside the industry will lead to the shortage of titanium ore supply. In addition, with the rise of the green new energy battery material industry, a large number of iron phosphate or lithium iron phosphate project construction or preparation, will lead to the surge of titanium dioxide production capacity, aggravate the contradiction between titanium ore supply and demand; then the market prospects and industry outlook is worrying, all parties should pay close attention to and timely adjust.
Report on China titanium industry in 2021
An Zhongsheng, Chen Yan, Zhao Wei
2022, 43(4): 1-9.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2022.04.001
[Abstract](3672) [FullText HTML](721) [PDF 920KB](721)
Abstract:
The overall situation of China titanium industry was analyzed on the basis of production capacity, application and import and export amount of titanium concentrate, titanium sponge, titanium ingot and titanium materials in 2021. The existed problems and the corresponding suggestions were also proposed.
Global vanadium industry development report 2021
Wu You, Chen Donghui, Liu Wuhan, Sun Zhaohui, Zhang Bangxu, He Rui
2022, 43(5): 1-9.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2022.05.001
[Abstract](2863) [FullText HTML](686) [PDF 1591KB](686)
Abstract:
The overall situation of the global vanadium industry was elaborated and analyzed from the global vanadium resources and the production capacity, the output, supply and demand, import and export, as well as the market prices in 2021. The major events in the global vanadium battery field are also introduced. Based on the current operating situation of the vanadium industry at home and abroad, the outlook for the market is forecasted, and it is believed that compared with "manufacture green cleaning products", the level of "green manufacturing" of the industrial ontology still needs to be continuously improved and balanced. The global vanadium price is affected by multiple factors, and will still show shock and consolidation trend. In the next few years, China will still be the world's largest vanadium supply and demand market, and the production capacity expansion of industrial supply side will accelerate. The medium and long-term vanadium demand will be supported by steel, materials and energy storage fields.
Global vanadium industry development report 2022
Wu You, Chen Donghui, Liu Wuhan, Zhang Bangxu, He Rui
2023, 44(6): 1-8.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2023.06.001
[Abstract](1948) [FullText HTML](2814) [PDF 795KB](2814)
Abstract:
The overall situation of vanadium industry in 2022 was elaborated and analyzed from the global vanadium resources and production capacity, the output, supply and demand, import and export, as well as the market prices. Based on the current operating situation of the vanadium industry at home and abroad, the outlook for the market is forecasted, and it is believed that the global vanadium industry will enter a new cycle of transformation and development, and China needs to scientifically, efficiently and orderly develop and utilize vanadium in key strategic metal mineral resources. Plan the green and low-carbon development path of vanadium industry in advance. In the next few years, China will still be the world’s largest vanadium supply and demand market, and the global vanadium market price will show a consolidation and regression trend within a certain range under the multi-factor regulation mechanism. Vanadium redox flow battery will become one of the important carriers to support the safe and stable application of new energy.
Analysis of standard GB/T 10561-2023: Determination of content of nonmetallic inclusions in steel-micrographic method using standard diagrams
Zhang Zhenwei, Ma Yuchen, You Yanglijun, Wang Ruolan, Chen Min, Zhao Jie, Jiang Rui, Li Yulei
2024, 45(1): 197-204.   doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2024.01.029
[Abstract](2120) [FullText HTML](2375) [PDF 967KB](2375)
Abstract:
The inspection standard for non-metallic inclusions (GB/T 10561-2023) has been revised. In order to more precisely implement the revised standard, in this paper, we provide a detailed analysis on the revised contents of the new standard GB/T 10561-2023 “Determination of Non-metallic Inclusion Content in Steel by Micrographic Method Using Standard Diagrams,” including the terminology definitions, principles, determination methods, results representations, calculation formulas, and rating maps. The major revisions of the new standard are summarized as follows: the terms and definitions section is added; the definition and characterization of inclusions are revised; requirements to evaluate the precipitated phases is required and the methods for describing their chemical characteristics are amended; the level of non-metallic inclusions is subdivided into 10 levels; the sampling requirements clarified, the sampling and schematic diagram for steel pipes modified, and the least size of inclusions for evaluation is clarified. The determination method was modified, and the scanning mode of the microscope B method was given. In terms of results presentations, the unclear classification of inclusion types and series boundaries was revised. The new standard has changed the calculation formula for inclusion measurement values and inclusion levels, and redrawn the standard rating diagram. Compared to the GB/T 10561-2005 version, the newly released GB/T 10561-2023 standard is more complete.
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