离心式压缩机闭式叶轮叶片开裂原因分析

史宁岗; 黄盛华; 陈松; 刘方超; 陈晓磊

doi:10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.04.026

离心式压缩机闭式叶轮叶片开裂原因分析

doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2025.04.026

1.
国家管网集团北京管道公司, 北京 122000
2.
中国石油管道局工程有限公司, 河北廊坊 065000
3.
国家管网集团北京管道公司石家庄分公司, 河北石家庄 052160

详细信息

作者简介:
史宁岗，1974年出生，男，河北廊坊人，工程师，主要研究方向：压缩机组运行管理，E-mail：sng1107@163.com

中图分类号: TG454,TE89
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-10
- 网络出版日期: 2025-08-31
- 刊出日期: 2025-08-31

Analysis of the causes of cracking of closed impeller blades of centrifugal compressor

1.
Production Department of Beijing Pipeline Company of State Pipeline Network Group, Beijing 122000, China
2.
Procurement Center of China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau Engineering Co., Ltd., Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
3.
Shijiazhuang Branch of Beijing Pipeline Company of National Pipeline Network Group, Shijiazhuang 052160, Hebei, China

摘要

摘要: 某输送天然气所用的离心式压缩机中闭式叶轮在投入生产5年后，对其进行维护保养时发现多处叶片根部产生裂纹。为明确叶片裂纹的产生原因，对失效样品进行化学成分分析、拉伸试验、硬度测试以及金相分析，并选取一处裂纹进行开裂原因分析。结果表明：叶片与前盖板处的钎焊焊缝焊接过程中产生缺陷，叶片焊缝R角位置在运行时于缺陷处生成裂纹，服役时受交变载荷的作用发生疲劳扩展进入叶片，导致叶片发生开裂。因此，针对叶轮制造时的焊接质量以及后续出厂质量验收必须进行严格把控，增加无损检测手段确保产品质量过关，可减少或避免类似情况出现。
- S41595马氏体型不锈钢 /
- 叶轮叶片 /
- 失效分析 /
- 钎焊
Abstract: After 5 years of production, the closed impeller in a centrifugal compressor used to transport natural gas was found to have cracks in many blade roots during maintenance. In order to clarify the cause of blade cracks, the chemical composition analysis, tensile test, hardness test and metallographic examination of the failed samples were carried out, and one crack was selected for cracking cause analysis. The results showed that defects were generated during the brazing process of the blade and the front cover plate. Cracks were generated at the defect site at the R-angle position of the blade weld during operation, and fatigue propagation occurred into the blade under the action of alternating loads during service, resulting in cracking of the blade. Therefore, the welding quality of the impeller manufacturing and the subsequent factory quality acceptance must be strictly controlled, and non-destructive testing methods must be added to ensure product quality clearance, so as to reduce or avoid this situation.
- S41595 martensitic stainless steel /
- impeller blades /
- failure analysis /
- brazing

HTML全文

图 1 失效叶轮样品照片以及开裂形貌

Figure 1. Photographs of failed impeller sample and crack morphology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 硬度测试位置和测试结果

（a）硬度测试位置；（b）三个区域的硬度分布趋势

Figure 2. Hardness test location and test results

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图 3 焊缝SEM形貌及EDS分析位置

（a）焊缝整体形貌；（b）叶盆侧焊缝界面处R角位置形貌；（c）叶背侧焊缝界面处R角位置形貌；（d）焊缝宽度尺寸测量结果；（e）焊缝各区域划分示意

Figure 3. SEM morphology and EDS analysis location of the weld

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图 4 焊缝局部区域缺陷的SEM形貌

（a）叶盆侧焊缝界面处R角位置形貌；（b）焊缝界面区夹渣形貌；（c）焊缝中心区孔洞形貌；（d）焊缝中心区夹渣形貌；（e）焊缝中心区缩孔形貌；（f）焊缝中心区未熔合形貌

Figure 4. Typical SEM images of defects in welds

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 裂纹位置和夹渣位置的面扫描分析结果

（a）裂纹位置；（b）夹渣位置

Figure 5. Mapping analysis results in crack location and slag inclusion location

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图 6 裂纹打开前与打开后的断裂面对应的位置示意

Figure 6. The position of the fracture surface before the crack opening and the fracture surface after the crack opening

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 裂纹打开后断口的宏观形貌

（a）叶片上的裂纹断面形貌；（b）前盖板上的断面形貌

Figure 7. The macroscopic morphology of the fracture after the crack opening

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 叶片裂纹断面靠近叶尖位置的SEM形貌及EDS分析位置

（a）叶尖处的断面整体形貌；（b）叶尖处的断面高倍形貌；（c）断面疲劳辉纹形貌；（d）断面疲劳辉纹形貌

Figure 8. SEM images of crack section near the tip and EDS analysis location

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 去除腐蚀产物后的裂纹断面微观形貌

（a）疲劳辉纹形貌；（b）裂纹扩展区残存的沿晶特征

Figure 9. Micromorphology of the section after the removal of corrosion products

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图 10 前盖板叶尖处断面的SEM形貌及EDS分析位置

（a）叶尖处的断面整体形貌；（b）深色区域和浅色区域交界处形貌；（c）浅色区域的高倍形貌；（d）叶尖靠近叶盆侧的断口边缘形貌

Figure 10. SEM images and EDS analysis location of the fracture surface at the tip of the front cover plate

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 断面面扫描分析结果

Figure 11. Fracture surface scan analysis results

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 叶片和前盖板主要化学成分分析结果

Table 1. Main chemical compositions of the blade and front cover plate %

分析位置	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Ni	Cr	Mo
叶片	0.04	0.53	0.68	0.014	0.004	3.93	12.81	0.58
前盖板	0.04	0.50	0.68	0.017	0.004	4.00	12.84	0.56
GB/T 20878-2007 标准要求	≤0.05	≤0.60	0.50～1.00	≤0.03	≤0.03	3.50～5.50	11.50～14.00	0.50～1.00

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表 2 拉伸试验结果

Table 2. Tensile test results

R_m/MPa	R_p0.2/MPa	A/%	Z/%
1053	967	20.3	72

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表 3 EDS分析结果

Table 3. EDS analysis results %

分析位置	C	O	Si	Cr	Mn	Fe	Ni	Au
Spc_001	6.46	1.98		1.88	1.42	7.30	7.77	73.19
Spc_002	4.92			2.75		29.17	52.61	10.55
Spc_003	6.99		1.77	3.57		29.04	44.64	14.01
Spc_004	6.17	1.85		2.00	1.10	10.52	10.01	68.35

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表 4 EDS分析结果

Table 4. EDS analysis results %

分析位置	C	O	Na	Si	S	Cl	K	Ti	Cr	Mn	Fe	Ni
Spc_005	6.39	1.87	0.41	0.58	0.83				12.20	0.69	73.76	3.27
Spc_006	31.08	8.70	0.99	1.30	8.83	0.35	1.00	0.35	6.18	0.44	38.38	1.97
Spc_007	20.30	8.90	1.30	4.25	11.05	0.32	1.34	0.87	4.24	0.63	43.68	2.38
Spc_008	33.33	19.92	2.98	1.61	9.09	3.74	4.91	0.60	1.78	0.35	19.03	1.67

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表 5 EDS分析结果

Table 5. EDS analysis results %

分析位置	C	O	Cr	Mn	Fe	Ni	Au
Spc_009	4.56	1.35	3.81		36.48	32.14	21.67
Spc_010	6.02	2.22	2.43	0.57	11.62	8.62	68.52

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