Research progress on electron beam melting additive manufacturing of TiAl alloys and heat treatment processes
-
摘要: 电子束选区熔化技术（Electron Beam Melting，EBM）是增材制造脆性TiAl合金部件的理想成形方法，以实现TiAl合金复杂结构成形和优异性能。相较于其他增材制造方法，EBM具有预热温度高、不易开裂、氧含量低等优势，因而被广泛研究，尤其是Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb（4822）合金。EBM制备的4822合金平均晶粒尺寸通常小于20 μm，晶粒尺寸远小于传统铸造合金。EBM制备的4822合金室温强度最高可达600 MPa以上，但塑性较差且存在缺陷，热等静压（HIP）和高温热处理（HT）是提升力学性能重要的后处理手段，可将室温延伸率提升至1.3%。然而，EBM制备TiAl合金工艺及热处理还存在许多问题，综述了近年来EBM增材制造TiAl合金及其热处理工艺的研究进展，对目前存在的问题及应对措施进行了分析总结，并对增材制造TiAl合金未来的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is an ideal forming method for additive manufacturing (AM) of brittle TiAl alloy components, enabling the formation of complex structures and the achievement of superior performance in TiAl alloys. Compared to other additive manufacturing techniques, EBM offers advantages such as high preheating temperatures, resistance to cracking, and low oxygen content, making it widely researched, especially for the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (4822) alloy. The average grain size of 4822 alloy prepared by EBM is typically less than 20 μm, significantly smaller than that of traditionally cast alloys. The room-temperature strength of 4822 alloy prepared by EBM can reach over 600 MPa, but it exhibits poor ductility and defects. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and high-temperature heat treatment (HT) are important post-processing methods to enhance mechanical properties, increasing the room-temperature elongation to 1.3%. However, there are still many issues with the EBM process and HT of TiAl alloys. This paper reviews the recent research progress in EBM additive manufacturing of TiAl alloys and their HT processes, analyzes and summarizes the current problems and countermeasures, and provides an outlook on the future development direction of additive manufacturing of TiAl alloys.
-
Key words:
- TiAl alloy /
- additive manufacturing /
- electron beam melting /
- heat treatment /
- microstructure /
- mechanical properties
-
表 1 增材制造TiAl合金的室温及高温拉伸性能
Table 1. Room temperature and high-temperature tensile properties of additive manufactured TiAl alloys
Alloy State Temperature/℃ UTS/MPa YS/MPa EL/% Refs 4722 EBM RT 534～572 0.67～0.98 [65] EBM+HT RT 552～598 0.73～1.04 4722 EBM RT 462～568 462～530 0.27～0.98 [41] 4822 EBM+HIP RT 434 374 1.15 [36] EBM+HIP+HT RT 469 353 1.10 4822 EBM RT 603±18 555±11 0.94±0.06 [71] 4822 EBM+HIP+HT RT 429±26 372±13 0.8±0.2 [59] 4822 EBM RT 695.29 [70] EBM 650 700±10 4.28 4822 EBM 700 512.3±7.3 487.7±3.3 1.31±0.24 [72] 4822 EBM+HIP+HT RT 474±23 382±11 1.3±0.3 [73] EBM+HIP+HT 800 460 2 458 EBM RT 450～500 [74] EBM+HIP RT 600～800 TNM-B1 EBM+HT 800 770 715 6 [67] Note: 4722 refers to Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb; 4822 refers to Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb; 458 refers to Ti-45Al-8Nb; TNM-B1 refers to Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B; UTS denotes the ultimate tensile strength; YS denotes the yield strength; EL denotes the elongation. 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] LIU C T, SCHNEIBEL J H, MAZIASZ P J, et al. Tensile properties and fracture toughness of TiAl alloys with controlled microstructures[J]. Intermetallics, 1996, 4(6): 429-440. doi: 10.1016/0966-9795(96)00047-7 [2] APPEL F, OEHRING M, WAGNER R. Novel design concepts for gamma-base titanium aluminide alloys[J]. Intermetallics, 2000, 8(9-11): 1283-1312. doi: 10.1016/S0966-9795(00)00036-4 [3] KIM S W, HONG J K, NA Y S, et al. Development of TiAl alloys with excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance[J]. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 2014, 54: 814-819. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.083 [4] KAN W B, LIN J P. Research progress in the preparation of titanium-aluminum alloys by additive manufacturing technology[J]. Materials China, 2015, 34(2): 111-119,135. (阚文斌, 林均品. 增材制造技术制备钛铝合金的研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2015, 34(2): 111-119,135. doi: 10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.2015.02.02KAN W B, LIN J P. Research progress in the preparation of titanium-aluminum alloys by additive manufacturing technology[J]. Materials China, 2015, 34（2）: 111-119,135. doi: 10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.2015.02.02 [5] KIM Y W, KIM S L. Advances in gammalloy materials–processes–application technology: successes, dilemmas, and future[J]. JOM, 2018, 70(4): 553-560. doi: 10.1007/s11837-018-2747-x [6] KIM Y W. Intermetallic alloys based on gamma titanium aluminide[J]. Journal of Metals, 1989, 41: 24-30. doi: 10.1007/bf03220267 [7] KIM Y W, DIMIDUK D M. Progress in the understanding of gamma titanium aluminides[J]. JOM, 1991, 43(8): 40-47. doi: 10.1007/BF03221103 [8] DING J, ZHANG M H, YE T, et al. Microstructure stability and micro-mechanical behavior of as-cast gamma-TiAl alloy during high-temperature low cycle fatigue[J]. Acta Materialia, 2018, 145: 504-515. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.12.040 [9] COX S C, THORNBY J A, GIBBONS G J, et al. 3D printing of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds intended for use in bone tissue engineering applications[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2015, 47: 237-247. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.024 [10] TOFAIL S A M, KOUMOULOS E P, BANDYOPADHYAY A, et al. Additive manufacturing: Scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities[J]. Materials Today, 2018, 21(1): 22-37. doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001 [11] SHARMAN A R C, HUGHES J I, RIDGWAY K. Characterisation of titanium aluminide components manufactured by laser metal deposition[J]. Intermetallics, 2018, 93: 89-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.11.013 [12] KARIMI P, KESHAVARZ M K, SADEGHI E, et al. Interplay of process, microstructure, and mechanical performance in electron beam-powder bed fusion of Ti48Al2Nb2Cr[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 77: 103811. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103811 [13] EMIRALIOĞLU A, ÜNAL R. Additive manufacturing of gamma titanium aluminide alloys: A review[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2022, 57(7): 4441-4466. doi: 10.1007/s10853-022-06896-4 [14] LIU Z D, ZHANG H Y, ZHOU G, et al. Low-cycle fatigue behavior of metastable β titanium alloy Ti-6Mo-5V-3Al-2Fe-2Zr under two different heat treatment processes[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2023, 52(2): 658-666. (刘知多, 张浩宇, 周舸, 等. 两种不同热处理工艺下亚稳β钛合金Ti-6Mo-5V-3Al-2Fe-2Zr的低周疲劳行为[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2023, 52(2): 658-666.LIU Z D, ZHANG H Y, ZHOU G, et al. Low-cycle fatigue behavior of metastable β titanium alloy Ti-6Mo-5V-3Al-2Fe-2Zr under two different heat treatment processes[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2023, 52（2）: 658-666. [15] WANG H C, CHENG J, GAI J Y, et al. Effects of pre-aging heat treatment on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of novel near-β biomedical Ti-10Mo-6Zr-4Sn-3Nb alloy[J]. Hot Working Technology, 2024, 53(2): 17-23. (王鸿川, 程军, 盖晋阳, 等. 预时效热处理对新型近β医用Ti-10Mo-6Zr-4Sn-3Nb合金组织演变和力学性能的影响[J]. 热加工工艺, 2024, 53(2): 17-23. doi: 10.14158/j.cnki.1001-3814.20211752WANG H C, CHENG J, GAI J Y, et al. Effects of pre-aging heat treatment on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of novel near-β biomedical Ti-10Mo-6Zr-4Sn-3Nb alloy[J]. Hot Working Technology, 2024, 53（2）: 17-23. doi: 10.14158/j.cnki.1001-3814.20211752 [16] ZHANG X Y, WANG S Y, LIU H, et al. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ni-based GH4099 superalloy via hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2024, 903: 146696. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2024.146696 [17] CHENG J. Effects of deformation amount on microstructure and mechanical properties of (CoNiV)97Al3 medium-entropy alloy[J]. Nonferrous Metal Materials and Engineering, 2024, 45(3): 1-8. (程军. 变形量对(CoNiV)97Al3中熵合金组织和力学性能的影响[J]. 有色金属材料与工程, 2024, 45(3): 1-8. doi: 10.13258/j.cnki.nmme.20240402002CHENG J. Effects of deformation amount on microstructure and mechanical properties of (CoNiV)97Al3 medium-entropy alloy[J]. Nonferrous Metal Materials and Engineering, 2024, 45（3）: 1-8. doi: 10.13258/j.cnki.nmme.20240402002 [18] ZHENG G, TANG B, ZHAO S, et al. Breaking the high-temperature strength-ductility trade-off in TiAl alloys through microstructural optimization[J]. International Journal of Plasticity, 2023, 170: 103756. doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103756 [19] CAO J, GUO Z C, SUN T L, et al. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a high Nb–TiAl alloy via HIP and heat treatment[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2023, 884: 145517. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.145517 [20] LI M, WU X, YANG Y, et al. TiAl/RGO (reduced graphene oxide) bulk composites with refined microstructure and enhanced nanohardness fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM)[J]. Materials Characterization, 2018, 143: 197-205. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.05.040 [21] MENG G, JI B, HAN H, et al. Design and simulation of an innovative cylinder fabricated by selective laser melting[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2019, 32(1): 133-142. doi: 10.1016/j.cja.2018.10.011 [22] SHI G, GUAN C, QUAN D, et al. An aerospace bracket designed by thermo-elastic topology optimization and manufactured by additive manufacturing[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2020, 33(4): 1252-1259. doi: 10.1016/j.cja.2019.09.006 [23] CAPRIO L, DEMIR A G, CHIARI G, et al. Defect-free laser powder bed fusion of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb with a high temperature inductive preheating system[J]. Journal of Physics: Photonics, 2020, 2(2): 024001. doi: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab7080 [24] LEE S, KIM J, CHOE J, et al. Understanding crack formation mechanisms of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb single tracks during laser powder bed fusion[J]. Metals and Materials International, 2021, 27(1): 78-91. doi: 10.1007/s12540-020-00770-1 [25] BAI P, HUO P, ZHAO Z, et al. Microstructure evolution and corrosion mechanism of in situ synthesized TiC/TC4 alloy nanocomposites fabricated by laser powder bed fusion[J]. Ceramics International, 2023, 49(2): 2752-2764. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.257 [26] MACORETTA G, BERTINI L, MONELLI B D, et al. Productivity-oriented SLM process parameters effect on the fatigue strength of inconel 718[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2023, 168: 107384. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107384 [27] WANG M L, YANG X G, LI B, et al. The dominant role of defects on fatigue behaviour of a SLM Ni-based superalloy at elevated temperature[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2023, 176: 107894. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107894 [28] GUSSONE J, HAGEDORN Y C, GHEREKHLOO H, et al. Microstructure of γ-titanium aluminide processed by selective laser melting at elevated temperatures[J]. Intermetallics, 2015, 66: 133-140. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2015.07.005 [29] LI W, LIU J, ZHOU Y, et al. Effect of substrate preheating on the texture, phase and nanohardness of a Ti–45Al–2Cr–5Nb alloy processed by selective laser melting[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2016, 118: 13-18. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.02.022 [30] POLOZOV I, KANTYUKOV A, POPOVICH A, et al. Tailoring microstructure of selective laser melted TiAl-alloy with in-situ heat treatment via multiple laser exposure[C]//The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021: 197-204. [31] LI K A, WAN J, TANG B, et al. Research progress of selective laser melting titanium aluminide alloy[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2024, 53(12): 3526-3538. (李康安, 万杰, 唐斌, 等. 选区激光熔化制备钛铝合金研究进展[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2024, 53(12): 3526-3538. doi: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20230653LI K A, WAN J, TANG B, et al. Research progress of selective laser melting titanium aluminide alloy[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2024, 53（12）: 3526-3538. doi: 10.12442/j.issn.1002-185X.20230653 [32] LIU Z, WANG W, MA R, et al. Microstructure and properties of γ-TiAl alloy fabricated by laser melting deposition[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2020, 49(6): 1925-1930. [33] THOMAS M. Progress in the understanding of the microstructure evolution of direct laser fabricated TiAl[J]. Materials Science Forum, 2016, 879: 1939-1944. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.879.1939 [34] HUANG D, TAN Q, ZHOU Y, et al. The significant impact of grain refiner on γ-TiAl intermetallic fabricated by laser-based additive manufacturing[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 46: 102172. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102172 [35] XUE H, LIANG Y F, PENG H, et al. Additive manufacturing of micro/nano multiphase synergistically reinforced Ti-55Al-7.5Nb with a reticular boundary precipitate via direct laser deposition[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2022, 58: 102989. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.102989 [36] BIAMINO S, PENNA A, ACKELID U, et al. Electron beam melting of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation[J]. Intermetallics, 2011, 19(6): 776-781. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2010.11.017 [37] KÖRNER C. Additive manufacturing of metallic components by selective electron beam melting — a review[J]. International Materials Reviews, 2016, 61(5): 361-377. doi: 10.1080/09506608.2016.1176289 [38] CORMIER D, HARRYSSON O, MAHALE T, et al. Freeform fabrication of titanium aluminide via electron beam melting using prealloyed and blended powders[J]. Research Letters in Materials Science, 2007, 2007: 1-4. doi: 10.1155/2007/34737 [39] ZHOU J, LI H, YU Y, et al. Research on aluminum component change and phase transformation of TiAl-based alloy in electron beam selective melting process under multiple scan[J]. Intermetallics, 2019, 113: 106575. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106575 [40] MURR L E, GAYTAN S M, CEYLAN A, et al. Characterization of titanium aluminide alloy components fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting[J]. Acta Materialia, 2010, 58(5): 1887-1894. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.11.032 [41] YUE H Y, CHEN Y Y, WANG X B, et al. Microstructure, texture and tensile properties of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy produced by selective electron beam melting[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 766: 450-459. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.025 [42] MOHAMMAD A, ALAHMARI A, MOHAMMED M, et al. Effect of energy input on microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium aluminide alloy fabricated by the additive manufacturing process of electron beam melting[J]. Materials, 2017, 10(2): 211. doi: 10.3390/ma10020211 [43] KLASSEN A, FORSTER V E, JUECHTER V, et al. Numerical simulation of multi-component evaporation during selective electron beam melting of TiAl[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017, 247: 280-288. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.04.016 [44] BAUDANA G, BIAMINO S, KLÖDEN B, et al. Electron beam melting of Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.7Cr-0.3Si: Feasibility investigation[J]. Intermetallics, 2016, 73: 43-49. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.03.001 [45] CHO K, KOBAYASHI R, OH J Y, et al. Influence of unique layered microstructure on fatigue properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys fabricated by electron beam melting[J]. Intermetallics, 2018, 95: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.01.009 [46] WARTBICHLER R, CLEMENS H, MAYER S, et al. On the formation mechanism of banded microstructures in electron beam melted Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb and the design of heat treatments as remedial action[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2021, 23(12): 2101199. doi: 10.1002/adem.202101199 [47] TODAI M, NAKANO T, LIU T, et al. Effect of building direction on the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy additively manufactured by electron beam melting[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2017, 13: 61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2016.11.001 [48] SEIFI M, SALEM A A, SATKO D P, et al. Effects of HIP on microstructural heterogeneity, defect distribution and mechanical properties of additively manufactured EBM Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017, 729: 1118-1135. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.163 [49] WARTBICHLER R, CLEMENS H, MAYER S. Electron beam melting of a β‐solidifying intermetallic titanium aluminide alloy[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2019, 21(12): 1900800. doi: 10.1002/adem.201900800 [50] GHIBAUDO C, WARTBICHLER R, MARCHESE G, et al. Influence of focus offset on the microstructure of an intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloy produced by electron beam powder bed fusion[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2023, 89: 132-141. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.01.061 [51] CHEN Y Y, YUE H Y, WANG X B, et al. Selective electron beam melting of TiAl alloy: Microstructure evolution, phase transformation and microhardness[J]. Materials Characterization, 2018, 142: 584-592. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.06.027 [52] SCHWERDTFEGER J, KÖRNER C. Selective electron beam melting of Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr: Microstructure and aluminium loss[J]. Intermetallics, 2014, 49: 29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2014.01.004 [53] GALATI M, RIZZA G, SALMI A, et al. Residual stress investigation on Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb samples produced by electron beam melting process[J]. Procedia CIRP, 2021, 99: 336-341. doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.049 [54] YANG X, ZHAO Z, BAI P, et al. EBSD investigation on the microstructure of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy hot isostatic pressing formed by selective laser melting (SLM)[J]. Materials Letters, 2022, 309: 131334. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131334 [55] PETERS S, PEREZ M, BLACKWELL P. Integrating HIP and homogenisation heat treatment and its effect on the workability of a conventional peritectic TiAl alloy[J]. Intermetallics, 2023, 158: 107884. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2023.107884 [56] KIM Y K, YOUN S J, KIM S W, et al. High-temperature creep behavior of gamma Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy additively manufactured by electron beam melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 763: 138138. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138138 [57] MOHAMMAD A, AL-AHMARI A M, BALLA V K, et al. In vitro wear, corrosion and biocompatibility of electron beam melted γ-TiAl[J]. Materials & Design, 2017, 133: 186-194. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.07.065 [58] CAKMAK E, NANDWANA P, SHIN D, et al. A comprehensive study on the fabrication and characterization of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb preforms manufactured using electron beam melting[J]. Materialia, 2019, 6: 100284. doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100284 [59] LIN B, CHEN W, YANG Y, et al. Anisotropy of microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb fabricated by electron beam melting[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 830: 154684. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154684 [60] TONG J B, WANG X D, NIE J J, et al. Diffusion coefficients of bcc phase and atomic mobility in Ti-Al-Fe system[J]. Foundry Technology, 2024, 45(7): 672-680. (佟健博, 王向东, 聂晶晶, 等. Ti-Al-Fe体系bcc相扩散系数及原子移动性[J]. 铸造技术, 2024, 45(7): 672-680. doi: 10.16410/j.issn1000-8365.2024.4037TONG J B, WANG X D, NIE J J, et al. Diffusion coefficients of bcc phase and atomic mobility in Ti-Al-Fe system[J]. Foundry Technology, 2024, 45（7）: 672-680. doi: 10.16410/j.issn1000-8365.2024.4037 [61] VILARO T, KOTTMAN-REXERODT V, THOMAS M, et al. Direct fabrication of a Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy by selective laser melting and direct metal deposition processes[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2010, 89-91: 586-591. [62] YUE H Y, LIANG Z Q, ZHANG F, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and creep properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy produced by selective electron beam melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2022, 859: 144224. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144224 [63] HERNANDEZ J, MURR L E, GAYTAN S M, et al. Microstructures for two-phase gamma titanium aluminide fabricated by electron beam melting[J]. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, 2012, 1(1): 14-27. doi: 10.1007/s13632-011-0001-9 [64] KIM Y K, HONG J K, LEE K A. Enhancing the creep resistance of electron beam melted gamma Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy by using two-step heat treatment[J]. Intermetallics, 2020, 121: 106771. doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106771 [65] YUE H Y, PENG H, LI R F, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and anisotropy of tensile properties of TiAl alloy produced via selective electron beam melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2021, 803: 140473. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.140473 [66] YANG G Y, JIA W P, ZHAO P, et al. Microstructures of as-fabricated and post heat treated Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr alloy produced by selective electron beam melting (SEBM)[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2016, 45(7): 1683-1686. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5372(16)30140-0 [67] NARAYANA P L, LI C L, KIM S W, et al. High strength and ductility of electron beam melted β stabilized γ-TiAl alloy at 800 °C[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 756: 41-45. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.114 [68] TERNER M, BIAMINO S, EPICOCO P, et al. Electron beam melting of high niobium containing TiAl alloy: Feasibility investigation[J]. Steel Research International, 2012, 83(10): 943-949. doi: 10.1002/srin.201100282 [69] CLEMENS H, MAYER S. Design, processing, microstructure, properties, and applications of advanced intermetallic TiAl alloys[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2013, 15(4): 191-215. doi: 10.1002/adem.201200231 [70] FENG J W, GUI W Y, LIU Q, et al. Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloys prepared by electron beam selective melting additive manufacturing: Microstructural and tensile properties[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 26: 9357-9369. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.267 [71] WANG J, YANG K, LIU N, et al. Microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb rods additively manufactured by selective electron beam melting[J]. JOM, 2017, 69(12): 2751-2755. doi: 10.1007/s11837-017-2583-4 [72] GAO R Q, PENG H, GUO H B, et al. An innovative way to fabricate γ-TiAl blades and their failure mechanisms under thermal shock[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2021, 203: 114092. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114092 [73] CHEN W, YANG Y, LIU L L, et al. Microstructure control and tensile properties of γ-TiAl produced by electron beam additive manufacturing[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017(Z1): 37-41. (陈玮, 杨洋, 刘亮亮, 等. 电子束增材制造γ-TiAl显微组织调控与拉伸性能研究[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017(Z1): 37-41. doi: 10.16080/j.issn1671-833x.2017.1/2.037CHEN W, YANG Y, LIU L L, et al. Microstructure control and tensile properties of γ-TiAl produced by electron beam additive manufacturing[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017（Z1）: 37-41. doi: 10.16080/j.issn1671-833x.2017.1/2.037 [74] KAN W B, LIANG Y F, PENG H, et al. Microstructural degradation of Ti-45Al-8Nb alloy during the fabrication process by electron beam melting[J]. JOM, 2017, 69(12): 2596-2601. doi: 10.1007/s11837-017-2592-3 [75] CHEN Y Y, YUE H Y, WANG X B. Microstructure, texture and tensile property as a function of scanning speed of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy fabricated by selective electron beam melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2018, 713: 195-205. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.020 [76] JUECHTER V, KÖRNER C. Creep properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb produced by selective electron beam melting[J]. Key Engineering Materials, 2016, 704: 190-196. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.704.190 [77] FILIPPINI M, BERETTA S, PATRIARCA L, et al. Defect tolerance of a gamma titanium aluminide alloy[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2011, 10: 3677-3682. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.605 [78] LIN B C, CHEN W. Mechanical properties of TiAl fabricated by electron beam melting — A review[J]. China Foundry, 2021, 18(4): 307-316. doi: 10.1007/s41230-021-1093-8 -
图(9) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1
- HTML全文浏览量: 2
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
