TiC-NbC协同强化铁基合金耐磨涂层的微观组织与力学性能研究综述

绍瑞; 李子逸; 冯中学; 陈敏; 刘许旸; 翁刘; 张雪峰

doi:10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.01.006

TiC-NbC协同强化铁基合金耐磨涂层的微观组织与力学性能研究综述

doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.01.006

绍瑞^1,,
李子逸¹,
冯中学^{1, 2, ,},
陈敏^{2, 3},
刘许旸⁴,
翁刘³,
张雪峰²

1.
昆明理工大学材料科学与工程学院, 云南昆明 650093
2.
四川钒钛产业技术研究院, 四川攀枝花 617000
3.
攀枝花学院钛钒学院, 四川攀枝花 617000
4.
重庆大学航空航天工程学院, 重庆 400044

基金项目: 四川省中央引导地方科技发展专项（2024ZYD0330）；贵州省教育厅“百校千企科技攻关揭榜挂帅”项目(贵州教育科技[2024] No. 003）；云南省重大科技项目( 202202AG050011)；中央对地方科技发展基金项目的指导(2024ZYD0330)；攀枝花市省级定向财政转移支付项目(22ZYZF-G-02, 21ZYZF-G-01)。

详细信息

作者简介:
绍瑞，2002年出生，男，云南昆明人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为先进材料制备与性能测试，E-mail：19988538024@163.com

通讯作者:
冯中学，1986年出生，男，重庆人，副教授，长期从事钒钛材料制备方面等基础研究工作，E-mail：fzxue2003@163.com

中图分类号: TG174
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-09
- 录用日期: 2025-11-27
- 修回日期: 2025-11-07
- 网络出版日期: 2026-02-28
- 刊出日期: 2026-02-28

Review on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC-NbC synergistically strengthened iron-based alloy wear-resistant coatings

SHAO Rui^1
,,
LI Ziyi¹,
FENG Zhongxue^{1, 2
, ,},
CHEN Min^{2, 3},
LIU Xuyang⁴,
WENG Liu³,
ZHANG Xuefeng²

1.
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
2.
Sichuan Vanadium & Titanium Industrial Technology Institute, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, China
3.
College of Titanium and Vanadium, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan, China
4.
College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

摘要

摘要: 在高温、重载、高速摩擦等极端工况下，采用先进的表面工程技术在钢铁基体表面制备铁基耐磨涂层是延长关键部件服役寿命、实现资源循环利用的有效途径。传统Fe-Cr-C合金中常形成粗大的M₇C₃型初生碳化物，这些脆性相易在苛刻服役环境下成为裂纹源，影响涂层使用寿命。引入Nb元素可在晶界析出尺寸细小的NbC，从而抑制裂纹萌生并降低开裂倾向。然而，过量添加Nb会导致NbC偏聚并形成粗大颗粒，不利于提升涂层性能。进一步引入Ti元素能够与C原位反应形成稳定且高硬度的TiC，并作为NbC的异质形核核心，从而实现组织的细化与均匀化，有效改善涂层的综合性能。文章综述了原位生成TiC与NbC协同作用的形核机制及Fe-Cr-C合金涂层中引入Nb、Ti元素对涂层显微组织和力学性能的影响，为高性能耐磨铁基合金涂层的应用研究提供理论支撑。
- 碳钢 /
- 铁基合金耐磨涂层 /
- TiC /
- NbC /
- 显微组织 /
- 力学性能
Abstract: Under extreme operating conditions such as high temperature, heavy load, and high-speed friction, applying advanced surface engineering technologies to fabricate iron-based wear-resistant coatings on steel substrates is an effective approach to extend the service life of critical components and promote resource recycling. In conventional Fe-Cr-C alloys, coarse primary M₇C₃-type carbides often form; these brittle phases can readily become crack initiation sites under severe service conditions, compromising the coating’s durability. The addition of Nb can lead to the precipitation of fine NbC particles at grain boundaries, thereby suppressing crack initiation and reducing the propensity for cracking. However, excessive Nb addition may cause NbC to agglomerate and form coarse particles, which is detrimental to coating performance. Further introduction of Ti enables in-situ reactions with C to form stable and high-hardness TiC, which can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for NbC, thus refining and homogenizing the microstructure and effectively enhancing the overall properties of the coating. This review summarizes the nucleation mechanisms involving the synergistic effect of in-situ formed TiC and NbC, and discusses the influence of Nb and Ti additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-C-based alloy coatings, providing theoretical support for the applied research of high-performance wear-resistant iron-based alloy coatings.
- steel /
- iron-based alloys coating /
- TiC /
- NbC /
- microstructure /
- mechanical properties

HTML全文

图 1 埋弧堆焊示意^[32]

(a) 埋弧堆焊工艺；(b) 埋弧堆焊过程

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of submerged arc surfacing^[32]

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图 2 激光熔覆示意^[32]

(a) 激光熔覆工艺；(b) 激光熔覆过程

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of laser cladding^[32]

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图 3 等离子喷涂工艺原理^[34]

(a) 等离子喷涂工艺；(b) 等离子喷涂过程

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the plasma spraying process^[34]

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图 4 Fe-Cr-C硬面合金相分数-温度关系示意^[35]

(a) 铌含量0；(b) 铌含量1.2%

Figure 4. Phase fraction vs. temperature curves of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys^[35]

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图 5 形核示意^[39]

(a ) TiC的形成; (b) NbC在TiC表面的析出长大; (c) 奥氏体(γ)环绕复合碳化物形成；(d)细化的板条马氏体及超细碳化物形成。

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the nucleate^[39]

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图 6 铌碳化物/钛碳化物(NbC/TiC)结构单元的计算模型^[40]

(a) (100)晶面; (b) (110)晶面; (c) (111)晶面; (d) (210)晶面; (e) (211)晶面

Figure 6. Computational models of NbC/TiC slabs^[40]

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图 7 试样在冷却凝固过程中(1273 K 保温 1 s)微观结构演变的原位观测结果^[41]

Figure 7. In-situ observation of the microstructure evolution of the alloy specimen during the cooling-solidification process (holding at 1273 K for 1 s) ^[41]

(a) 733.81 s, 1 533 K; (b) 733.10 s, 1 532 K; (c)739.07 s, 1 510 K; (d)741.90 s, 1 491 K; (e)783.18 s, 1 273 K; (f) 902.04 s, 632 K

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图 8 M₇C₃碳化物生长机制示意^[41]

(a) 通过原位共焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察到的碳化物; (b) 与(a) 等效的示意; (c)~(f) 亚共晶合金中共晶反应后M₇C₃碳化物生长过程的示意

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the growth mechanism of M₇C₃ carbides^[41]

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图 9 铁基合金中不同Nb含量的光学显微组织^[42]

(a) 含0 Nb；(b) 含1.35% Nb；(c) 含2.14% Nb；(d) 含2.9% Nb

Figure 9. Optical microstructure of iron-based alloys with different Nb contents^[42]

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图 10 铁基合金中NbC的不同形貌^[44]

(a)网状; (b)块状; (c) 网状与花瓣状; (d)花瓣状

Figure 10. Different morphologies of NbC in iron-based alloys^[44]

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图 11 不同成分过共晶高铬铸铁(HHCCI)的显微组织、初生M₇C₃碳化物提取与尺寸统计^[47]

(a)添加0 Nb; (b)添加1.5% Nb; (c)同时添加Ti、Nb; (d)分步添加Ti、Nb;(e)初生M₇C₃碳化物的尺寸与体积分数; (f)四种铸铁的性能

Figure 11. Microstructure, P-M extraction and size statistics of HHCCI ^[47]

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图 12 核壳结构碳化物的TEM^[48]

(a)~(d)核壳结构的微观结构；(e)线扫描曲线

Figure 12. TEM images of the core-shell structured carbide^[48]

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图 13 核壳结构高分辨及选取电子衍射图^[48]

(a) 核壳结构形貌；(b)~(d) 核、两者界面和壳部分的高分辨及选区电子衍射花样

Figure 13. HRTEM images and SAED patterns of the core-shell structure^[48]

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图 14 试样表面磨损形貌^[48]

(a) 未添加Ti样品; (b) 添加Ti样品

Figure 14. Worn surfaces of the sample^[48]

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表 1 相对于不同平面的表面能^[40]

Table 1. Surface energy relative to different crystal planes^[40]

Phase	TiC		NbC
Phase	A_surf /nm²	E_surf/（J·m^-2）	A_surf/nm²	E_surf （J·m^-2）
(100)	0.1974	0.6645	0.2122	0.6171
(110)	0.2954	1.6087	0.3188	1.3101
(111)	0.1802	70.2871	0.194	65.0208
(210)	0.4965	1.2309	0.5364	1.0992
(211)	0.5173	1.9870	0.5561	1.3397

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表 2 Nb元素对合金磨损量、抗拉强度影响^[17]

Table 2. Effect of Nb element on wear loss and tensile strength of alloys^[17]

Experimental condition	Mass loss /mg	Tensile strength /MPa
No addition of Nb	82	150
Added Nb	60	300

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表 3 不同条件下涂层硬度、冲击韧性及磨损量对比^[48]

Table 3. Comparison of coating hardness, impact toughness, and wear loss under different conditions^[48]

Experimental condition	Microhardness （HRC）	Impact toughness /J	Wear amount /g
Only add Nb	46.2	11	0.8161
Composite addition of Nb and Ti	45.2	16	0.5844

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表 4 不同Nb/Ti对涂层硬度及磨损量的影响

Table 4. Effect of different Nb/Ti ratios on coating hardness and wear loss

Research team	Experimental conditions(Nb/Ti)	Microhardness(HV)	Mass loss /mg
ZONG LIN^[51]	1.5:1	675.3	409.9
	2:1	728.4	209.1
	2.4:1	598.3	673.4
MAO XU^[24]	3:1	550	1.25
	1:1	570	0.6
	1:2	580	1.25

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表 5 Nb元素对力学性能的影响汇总

Table 5. Summary of the effect of niobium on mechanical properties

Research Team	Content of the Nb/%	Microhardness(HV)	Compliance Strength/MPa	Tensile resistance intensity/MPa	Impact absorption energy/J	Mass loss /mg
WANG^[16]	0	207.3	563	641	25
WANG^[16]	0.26	207.3	563	812	165
LIU^[17]	0			150		82
LIU^[17]	1.2			340		60
FILIPOVIC^[18]	0	530
FILIPOVIC^[18]	2.06	550
ZHOU^[52]	6	680				0.8
LI^[21]	0	488
LI^[21]	4	627

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