Effects of rare earth ferrosilicon additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of 45# steel large ingots
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摘要: 通过消失模铸造法制备两个尺寸为300 mm×300 mm×400 mm的45#碳素钢，45#钢分别加入0.15%和0.35%含量的稀土硅铁。取铸锭的四分之一，沿Y轴从铸锭心部至底部取样。研究发现，铸锭的微观组织主要由铁素体和珠光体组成，从铸锭心部到底部，铁素体含量逐渐增加，而珠光体含量逐渐减少，同时铁素体尺寸也逐渐变小。此外，随着稀土硅铁含量的升高，0.35%含量铸锭内的溶质元素（Mn、Si）含量整体提高，这对其微观组织产生了重要影响，表现为铸锭铁素体含量增多、组织明显细化。力学性能测试结果显示两个铸锭的硬度与拉伸性能皆呈现出从心部到底部逐渐降低的趋势，这表明在两个铸锭中，硬度和拉伸性能与珠光体含量呈正相关关系。进一步分析表明，随着0.35%含量稀土硅铁的加入，铸锭在溶质元素含量提高的同时，其硬度与拉伸性能相较0.15%含量铸锭均得到了增强，由此可知，由更多稀土硅铁的加入带来的溶质元素含量的增多对硬度和拉伸性能有重要影响。Abstract: Two 45# carbon steel ingots with dimensions of 300 mm × 300 mm × 400 mm were prepared by the lost foam casting method, with rare earth ferrosilicon additions of 0.15% and 0.35% respectively. A quarter section of each ingot was sampled along the Y-axis from the center to the bottom. SEM observations shows the microstructure of ingots consist primarily of ferrite and pearlite. From the core to the bottom, the ferrite volume gradually increases while the pearlite decreases, accompanied by a progressive reduction in ferrite size. Additionally, when the rare earth ferrosilicon additions is increased from 0.15% to 0.35%, the overall solute element (Mn,Si) content in the ingots increases, which significantly increases ferrite volume and improves pronounced structural refinement. Mechanical property test results indicates a gradual decrease in both properties from the center to the bottom in both ingots, demonstrating a positive correlation between hardness/tensile properties and pearlite content. Further analysis reveals that compared to the 0.15% addition, the 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon addition enhances the hardness and tensile properties of the ingot while increasing the solute element content. Consequently, the increase in solute element content resulting from the higher rare earth ferrosilicon addition exerts an important influence on hardness and tensile properties.
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Key words:
- 45# steel /
- large ingot /
- rare earth ferrosilicon /
- microstructure /
- mechanical properties
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图 3 添加0.15%稀土硅铁后铸锭不同倍数下的SEM图像及EDS分析
(a)
1500 倍; (b)3000 倍; (c)4000 倍; (d) EDS分析; (d1)点1; (d2) 点2Figure 3. SEM images and EDS analysis of the ingot at different magnifications after adding 0.15% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 4 添加0.15%和0.35%稀土硅后在图1所示铸锭取样位置处的微观组织
(a)(e)心部；(b)(f)近心部；(c)(g)近底部；(d)(h)底部
Figure 4. Microstructure at the sampling locations in the ingot after adding 0.15%, 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 5 添加0.15%、0.35%稀土硅后铸锭不同位置的铁素体相尺寸和体积分数
(a)铁素体尺寸; (b)铁素体和珠光体的体积分数
Figure 5. Grain size and volume fraction of ferrite phase at different locations in the ingot after adding 0.15% and 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 6 添加0.15%、0.35%稀土硅后铸锭心部位置的SEM图像及EDS元素分布
SEM图像: (a) 0.15%心部, (b) 0.35%心部; EDS分析: (a1) (b1) C元素, (a2)(b2) Mn元素, (a3)(b3) Si元素, (a4)(b4)点1, (a5)(b5)点2
Figure 6. SEM images and EDS elemental distribution of the core area of the ingot after adding 0.15% and 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 7 添加0.15%及0.35%稀土硅后铸锭近心部位置的SEM图像及EDS元素分布
SEM图像: (a)0.15%近心部, (b)0.35%近心部; EDS分析: (a1）(b1)C元素, (a2)(b2)Mn元素, (a3)(b3)Si元素, (a4)(b4)点1, (a5)(b5)
Figure 7. SEM images and EDS elemental distribution at the near-core locations of the ingot after adding 0.15% and 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 8 添加0.15%、0.35%稀土硅后铸锭的布氏硬度
Figure 8. Brinell hardness of ingot after adding 0.15% and 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 9 添加不同含量稀土硅铁后铸锭的应力应变曲线
(a)0.15%；(b)0.35%
Figure 9. SEM images and EDS elemental distribution of the core area of the ingot after adding 0.15% and 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
图 10 添加0.15%、0.35%稀土硅铁后铸锭的力学性能
Figure 10. Mechanical properties of the ingot after adding 0.15% and 0.35% rare earth ferrosilicon
表 1 45#钢大型铸锭成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of 45# steel ingot
% C Cr Mn Si Ni Mo Cu Al Fe 0.45 0.065 0.606 0.199 0.033 0.001 0.012 0.0001 98.6339 
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表 2 稀土硅铁成分
Table 2. Chemical composition of rare earth ferrosilicon
% Re Ca Si Fe 30.2 2.5 50.35 16.95
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