钛金属冶炼的生产成本以及新型钛冶金工艺的可能性

朱鸿民; 肖九三; 焦树强; 卢鑫

doi:10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.03.002

钛金属冶炼的生产成本以及新型钛冶金工艺的可能性

doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2021.03.002

朱鸿民^{1, 2},
肖九三¹,
焦树强¹,
卢鑫²

1.
北京科技大学钢铁冶金新技术国家重点实验室，北京 100083
2.
東北大学工学研究科，日本仙台 980-8579

详细信息

中图分类号: TF823
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-08
- 刊出日期: 2021-06-10

Production cost of current titanium metallurgical process and possibility of new alternative process

1.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan

摘要

摘要: 金属钛由于其优异的性能而被用作高端结构材料。然而，在我们的日常生活中金属钛的利用却非常有限。全球金属钛年产量仅为钛白粉的1/30，从金属钛的性能和其丰富资源储量来看是极其不自然的。制约金属钛广泛使用的主要因素是其昂贵的价格。比较了金属钛、铝以及钢铁从矿石原料到金属的生产过程，并分析了现行金属钛生产过程的成本构成。在此基础上，分析了迄今为止已开发的新型钛冶炼工艺，从缩短生产流程，尤其是减少化学反应步骤的角度出发，探讨简化冶金流程、降低生产成本的可能性。指出，比较而言，以钛铁矿FeTiO₃作为起始原料，经过碳热还原制备碳氧化钛TiC_xO₁₋_x，进而熔盐电解制备金属钛的冶金流程，有望大幅度降低能耗和生产成本。有待解决的问题是碳氧化钛阳极的规模化加工，以及在实际电解过程的连续运行等。
- 金属钛 /
- 生产成本 /
- 二氧化钛 /
- 钛铁矿 /
- 碳氧化钛 /
- 熔盐电解
Abstract: Titanium is currently used as an advanced structural material for its high strength, low density, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, in our daily lives, people are not familiar with titanium metal because we rarely use it. The worldwide annual production of titanium metal is less than 1/30 of that of titanium oxide (TiO₂). This is very unnatural considering the excellent properties and abundant reserves of titanium. The limitation of titanium application derives from its high cost. In this paper, the metallurgical process of titanium was analyzed, and compared with the processes of iron and aluminum. The details of the production cost of the current metallurgical process were analyzed. New titanium metallurgical processes were reviewed, and the possibility of reducing the production cost was discussed. The energy consumption and operation cost of titanium metallurgical process will be remarkably reduced through the combination of the carbon thermoreduction and molten salt electrolysis, using ilmenite (FeTiO₃) as the raw material. The main challenges for scaling up of the USTB process are preparation of large size anode TiC_xO₁₋_x and continuous operation of large size electrolysis cell.
- titanium /
- production cost /
- TiO₂ /
- ilmenite /
- TiC_xO₁₋_x /
- molten salt electrolysis

HTML全文

图 1 金属价格与全球年产量的关系

Figure 1. The relationship between metal price and its production

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图 2 金属价格与地壳中元素丰度的关系

Figure 2. The relationship between metal price and its reserves

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图 3 现行金属钛冶炼工艺（Kroll法）^[1]

Figure 3. The current titanium production process (Kroll process)^[1]

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图 4 从钛铁矿（FeTiO₃）出发的现行金属钛冶炼工艺的反应过程

Figure 4. The chemical reactions in the current process of titanium production from ilmenite (FeTiO₃)

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图 5 钛锭、铝锭、不锈钢的分项成本对比

Figure 5. Comparison of subdivisional cost on ingot of titanium, aluminum, and stainless steel

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图 6 钛、铝、不锈钢铸锭的生产能耗对比

Figure 6. The energy consumption for ingot production of titanium, aluminum, and stainless steel

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图 7 四氯化钛电解工艺中的化学反应

Figure 7. The chemical reactions in the titanium production process through TiCl₄ electrolysis

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图 8 Ti-O二元系的电导率

Figure 8. Electronic conductivity of Ti-O system

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图 9 可溶阳极熔盐电解工艺（USTB法）示意^[23-25]

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of electrolysis process with consumable anode for titanium production, the USTB process^[23-25]

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图 10 TiC_0.5O_0.5在氯化物熔体中电解的电极反应和电池反应

Figure 10. Electrode reactions and cell reaction during the electrolysis of TiC_0.5O_0.5 in chloride melt

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图 11 碳氧化钛在NaCl-KCl熔体中电解的阴极沉积产物的（a）扫描电镜照片，（b）X射线衍射图谱^[24]

Figure 11. Titanium metal deposited on the cathode after electrolysis in NaCl–KCl melt: (a) scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the product powder and (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of the product titanium^[24]

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图 12 从钛铁矿到金属钛的新冶炼工艺流程

Figure 12. The chemical reactions in the proposed new metallurgical process through titanium oxycarbide electrolysis from ilmenite (FeTiO₃)

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图 13 （a）钛铁矿原料和经碳热还原和分离工序得到的（b）TiC_xO₁₋_x粉末、（c）副产品：铁粉的光学照片和X射线衍射图谱

Figure 13. Photo images and X-ray diffraction patterns of (a): ilmenite ore used for the carbon reduction, (b): TiC_xO₁₋_x product powders after reduction and separation, and (c): by-product iron (Fe) powders

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表 1 金属含量、世界年产量、矿石价格和金属价格

Table 1. Reserves (Clarke number, CN), world annual production (WAP), mining cost (MC), and price of metals

元素	金属含量（CN） ×10⁶	世界年产量 /万t	矿石价格 /(美元· t⁻¹)	金属价格/（美元· t⁻¹)
Al	81300	5800	260	2 000
Fe	50000	162800	150	325
Mg	20900	101	245	2180
Ti	4400	20	460	8150
Zn	70	1400	2400	2860
Cu	55	2350	5090	5870
Pb	13	1110	2370	2720

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