Influence of steel slag powder on the properties of engineered cementitious composites
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摘要: 工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）以其超高延性、应变硬化和优异的耐久性在结构修复与防护领域具有重要应用价值。为减少水泥用量并探索粉煤灰的替代材料，以超细钢渣粉（SSP）梯度取代粉煤灰制备聚乙烯醇纤维增强ECC，系统研究ECC的力学性能、微观结构及水化特性的变化规律。结果表明：随着SSP取代率的增加，ECC的抗折与抗压强度均呈现先升后降趋势，其中抗折强度提升较明显，在取代率为50%时较对照组提高38.5%；单轴拉伸性能同样显著改善，75%取代率下拉伸强度与极限应变分别提升95.0%和131.3%，且多缝开裂行为更为明显。微观分析表明，SSP的微填充效应与成核作用促进了水化产物的均匀生成，提升了基体密实度和纤维与基体界面黏结性能，从而改善了宏观力学表现和拉伸延性。XRD和TG-DSC分析进一步证实，SSP的引入提高了胶凝材料中氢氧化钙与化学结合水含量，优化了水化进程。研究为钢渣资源化利用和高性能ECC的制备提供了试验依据与技术参考。Abstract: Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) hold significant application value in structural repair and protection due to their ultra-high ductility, strain-hardening behavior, and excellent durability. To reduce cement consumption and explore alternative materials to fly ash, this study employed ultra-fine steel slag powder (SSP) to progressively replace fly ash in the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber-reinforced ECC. The variations in the mechanical properties, microstructure, and hydration characteristics of ECC were systematically investigated. The results indicate that with an increasing SSP replacement ratio, both the flexural and compressive strengths of ECC exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. Notably, the improvement in flexural strength was more significant, with a 38.5% increase observed at a 50% replacement rate compared to the control group. The uniaxial tensile performance was also markedly enhanced; at a 75% replacement rate, the tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain increased by 95.0% and 131.3%, respectively, accompanied by more pronounced multiple-cracking behavior. Microstructural analysis revealed that the micro-filling effect and nucleation role of SSP promoted the uniform formation of hydration products, thereby increasing matrix density and enhancing the fiber-matrix interfacial bond, which consequently improved the macroscopic mechanical performance and tensile ductility. XRD and TG-DSC analysis further confirmed that the incorporation of SSP increased the calcium hydroxide and chemically bound water content in the cementitious system, optimizing the hydration process. This study provides experimental evidence and technical references for the resource utilization of steel slag and the development of high-performance ECC.
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图 5 DIC测试系统和喷涂散斑后的样品
（a）DIC测试系统；（b）喷涂散斑后的样品
Figure 5. DIC testing system and sprayed spot sample
图 6 ECC的抗折抗压强度测试结果
Figure 6. Test results of the flexural and compressive strength of ECC
图 7 ECC的单轴拉伸测试结果
（a）SSP 0；（b）SSP 25%；（c）SSP 50%；（d）SSP 75%；（e）SSP 100%；（f）拉伸强度与极限应变
Figure 7. Uniaxial tensile test results of ECC
图 8 ECC净浆样品的SEM-EDS测试结果
Figure 8. SEM-EDS of the ECC paste samples
（a）SSP 0；（b）SSP 100%
图 9 ECC样品断裂面的SEM图
Figure 9. SEM images of the fracture surfaces of the ECC samples
（a）SSP 0；（b）SSP 100%
表 1 胶凝材料化学成分、比表面积和密度测试结果
Table 1. Test results of chemical compositions, specific surface area and density of cementitious materials
Raw materials Chemical component/% Specific surface
area（cm2·g-1）Density(g·cm-3) SiO2 CaO Al2O3 MgO Fe2O3 SO3 P2O5 TiO2 Na2O MnO ZnO K2O Fly ash 49.60 9.95 26.4 0.12 6.02 5.89 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.05 4300 2.26 SSP 12.63 39.35 5.59 4.33 29.76 0.24 0.81 1.62 4.38 0.23 6150 3.35 Cement 21.06 65.20 5.40 2.11 2.80 1.30 0.20 0.50 0.30 0.20 3780 3.01 Silica fume 93.11 0.65 0.92 1.59 0.27 0.32 1.10 0.13 215400 2.18 
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表 2 ECC试验配比
Table 2. Mix proportion of ECC
Substitution rate of SSP/% Cement Fly ash SSP Silica fume Water Quartz sand SPC/% Volume fraction of PVA/% 0 1 1.180 0 0.04 0.666 0.539 0.045 2 25 1 0.885 0.437 0.04 0.709 0.574 0.045 2 50 1 0.590 0.875 0.04 0.752 0.609 0.045 2 75 1 0.295 1.312 0.04 0.794 0.643 0.045 2 100 1 0 1.749 0.04 0.837 0.678 0.045 2
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表 3 氢氧化钙和化学结合水统计结果
Table 3. Statistical results of calcium hydroxide and chemically bound water
Substitution rate
of SSP/%Weight loss rate of cementitious
material/%M1/% M2/% T1 T2 T3 T4 0 12.795 1.995 2.923 1.672 11.014 18.397 25 14.587 2.197 2.262 1.458 11.483 19.642 50 14.997 2.252 2.345 1.378 11.574 20.158 75 17.287 2.387 1.824 1.437 12.229 22.085 100 15.689 2.322 2.252 1.241 11.633 20.771
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