Constitutive modeling and hot processing map of Ti551 alloy in the α+β two-phase region
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摘要: 作为构筑成型的基元材料，以新型α+β钛合金Ti551（以下简称为Ti551）为研究对象，采用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机，研究其在0.001～10 s−1，700 ～ 900 ℃范围内的流变行为，并分别采用应变补偿Arrhenius与神经网络模型进行曲线拟合。结果表明，在两相区变形时，Ti551钛合金的流变应力在中低温及高应变速率条件下表现出典型的峰后软化特征。相比于应变补偿模型，神经网络模型在低温高应变速率条件下具有更高的预测精度与更低的平均绝对相对误差，其相关系数R为
0.9922 ，平均绝对相对误差为6.3%。基于构建的Ti551钛合金两相区热加工图，明确了不同应变条件下的塑性失稳区。确定两相区锻造过程中的等效应变速率下限不低于0.01 s−1，对应实际锻造速度不小于10 mm/s，终锻温度不低于750 ℃，可为Ti551钛合金实际两相区锻造工艺参数的制定与数值模拟提供可靠依据。Abstract: As a base material for additive forging processes, a novel titanium alloy Ti551 had been used to conduct hot compression via a Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator, and then flow stress curves were obtained over a strain rate range of 0.001～ 10 s−1 and a temperature range of 700～ 900 ℃ in this study. The flow stress curves were fitted using a strain-compensated Arrhenius model and an artificial neural network model, respectively. The strain-stress curves indicate that during deformation in the two-phase region, the flow stress of the Ti551 alloy exhibits a typical post-peak softening behavior under medium-to-low temperatures and high strain rates. Compared with predicated results from the strain-compensated model, the artificial neural network model gives higher prediction accuracy and lower average absolute relative error under low-temperature and high strain-rate conditions, with a correlation coefficient R of0.9922 and a mean average absolute relative error of 6.3%. Based on the constructed hot processing map of the Ti551 alloy deformed in the two-phase region, the plastic instability domains under different strain conditions were identified. The lower limit of equivalent strain rate during forging in the α+β two-phase region should be no less than 0.01 s−1, corresponding to an actual forging speed of not less than 10 mm/s, and that the final forging temperature should be no lower than 750 ℃. These finds can help design practical forging parameters and numerical simulation of Ti551 alloy in the α+β two-phase region.-
Key words:
- Ti551 alloy /
- additive forging /
- flow stress /
- constitutive model /
- hot-processing map
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图 1 Ti551钛合金两相区流变应力测试方案及装置
(a) 加热及变形制度; (b) 测试装置
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Ti551 alloy flow stress test in the α+β two-phase region and experimental configuration
图 2 Ti551钛合金高温流变曲线
Figure 2. The flow curves of Ti551 alloy at high temperatures
(a) 900 ℃; (b) 800 ℃; (c) 700 ℃
图 3 Ti551钛合金的Arrhenius两相区流变应力参数推导过程
Figure 3. Derivation procedure of Arrhenius constitutive parameters for Ti551 alloy deformed in the dual-phase temperature region
图 4 Ti551钛合金在0.35应变的各参数线性拟合结果
Figure 4. Linear fitting results of characteristic parameters for Ti551 alloy at a strain of 0.35
(a) n1; (b) β; (c) n; (d) Q; (e) lnA
图 5 Ti551钛合金0.35应变下拟合的Arrhenius型本构模型预测值与试验值对比
Figure 5. Comparison between experimental values and fitted results predicted by Arrhenius constitutive model for Ti551 alloy at a strain of 0.35
(a) 900 ℃; (b) 800 ℃; (c) 700 ℃
图 6 材料常数α、n、Q、A与应变的关系
Figure 6. The relationship between strain and material constants α, n, Q, A
(a) α；(b) n；(c) Q；(d) A
图 7 试验流变应力与应变补偿 Arrhenius 本构模型预测结果的对比
Figure 7. Comparison of measured flow stress curves and predicted curves based on the strain-compensated Arrhenius model
(a)900 ℃; (b)800 ℃; (c)700 ℃
图 8 神经网络预测值与试验值对比
Figure 8. Comparison between measured strain values and predicted value by artificial neural network constitutive model
(a) 900 ℃; (b) 800 ℃; (c) 700 ℃
图 9 不同真应变下的热加工图
(a) ε=0.30; (b) ε=0.45; (c) ε=0.65
Figure 9. Hot processing maps of Ti551 alloy at different true strains
图 10 Ti551钛合金热压缩样品组织形貌
Figure 10. Microstructures of the hot-compressed samples of Ti551 alloy
(a1)~(a4): 900 ℃; (b1)~(b4): 800 ℃; (c1) ~(c4): 700 ℃
图 11 未失稳区与失稳区组织对比
未失稳区组织: (a) 900 ℃-0.001 s−1, (c) 900 ℃-1 s−1; 失稳区组织: (b) 700 ℃-0.001 s−1, (d) 900 ℃-0.01 s−1
Figure 11. Microstructural comparison of samples deformed in stable and unstable regions
图 12 不同批次Ti551钛合金样品低倍与显微组织
低倍组织: (a1) 1批次，(b1)2 批次; 显微组织: (a2) 1批次，(b2) 2批次
Figure 12. Macrostructures and microstructures of Ti551 alloy from different batches
表 1 Ti551钛合金的化学成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of Ti551 alloy
% Al Cr Fe Mo Si Sn V Zr C O N H Cu Y Mn Ni 5.33 0.97 0.15 1.55 <0.01 1.04 0.94 0.91 < 0.0050 < 0.0010 <0.005 <0.010 
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