Evolution of inclusions in Ce-containing particle-strengthened wear-resistant steel during the RH process
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摘要: 通过对RH过程样进行氧氮含量检测、成分检测和夹杂物扫描检测，分析了钢中夹杂物在RH精炼过程中的演变。结果表明，钢中的夹杂物按类型可分为氧化物、硫化物、含Ce的氧化物和氧硫化物以及Ti(CxNy)及其复合夹杂物四类。Ti(CxNy)及其复合夹杂物可分为Ti(CxNy)、Ti(CxNy)与氧化物、硫化物或稀土Ce夹杂物组成的复合夹杂物。样品中夹杂物的尺寸主要分布在1～2 μm。RH精炼过程对Ti的各类夹杂物的数量密度和尺寸分布的影响不大，对钢中氧化夹杂物有明显的去除作用，氧化物数量密度从进入RH的73个/mm2降低至软吹后的8个/mm2，硫化物析出量较少且数量密度基本不变。加Ce后出现了Ce的氧化物、氧硫化物以及Ti-Ce复合夹杂物。Ce的夹杂物会为样品中的夹杂物提供弥散的形核质点，形成尺寸较小的复合夹杂物。Ce也会改性钢中的夹杂物，降低样品中高熔点氧化夹杂物的含量。Abstract: Oxygen and nitrogen content analysis, chemical composition detection, and inclusion scanning were performed on sample taken during the RH refining process to investigate the evolution of inclusions in the steel. The results show that inclusions in steel can be categorized into four types: oxides, sulfides, Ce-containing oxides ang oxysulfides, and Ti(CxNy) along with its complex inclusions. Ti(CxNy) and its complex inclusions can be further divided into Ti(CxNy) and complex inclusions consisting of Ti(CxNy) with oxides, sulfides, or rare earth Ce inclusions. The size of inclusions in the samples is primarily in the range of 1 to 2 μm. The RH refining process has little effect on the number density and size distribution of various Ti-containing inclusions. However, it significantly removes oxide inclusions, reducing their number density from 73 particles/mm2 before RH treatment to 8 particles/mm2 after soft blowing. The precipitation of sulfides is low, and their number density remains basically unchanged. After Ce addition, Ce oxides, Ce oxysulfides, and Ti-Ce complex inclusions appear. Ce-containing inclusions act as dispersed nucleation sites for inclusions tend to form smaller complex inclusions. Ce also modifies the inclusions in steel, lowering the content of high-melting-point oxide inclusions.
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Key words:
- Ce-containing wear-resistant steel /
- Ti(CxNy) /
- RH refining /
- size distribution
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图 1 耐磨钢RH过程取样位置示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of sampling locations during RH process for wear-resistant steel
图 3 样品中各类典型的夹杂物形貌及元素含量
SEM：(a)氧化物, (b)硫化物, (c)Ti(CxNy), (d) Ti(CxNy)-Al2O3, (e) Ti(CxNy)-含Ce的氧化物, (f)含Ce的氧化物, (g)含Ce的氧硫化物；EDS能谱：(a1)氧化物, (b1)硫化物, (c1)Ti(CxNy), (d1) Ti(CxNy)-Al2O3, (e1) Ti(CxNy)-含Ce的氧化物, (f1)含Ce的氧化物, (g1)含Ce的氧硫化物
Figure 3. The morphology and elemental content of various typical inclusions in the sample
图 5 RH过程样中Ti(${\mathrm{C}}_x{\mathrm{N}}_y $)及其夹杂物的数量密度和平均尺寸
(a)数量密度；(b)平均尺寸
Figure 5. Number density and average size of Ti(${\mathrm{C}}_x{\mathrm{N}}_y $) and its complex inclusions in RH process samples
图 6 样品中含Ti夹杂物的尺寸分布
Figure 6. Size distribution of Ti-containing inclusions in the samples
图 7 样品中氧化物、硫化物和含Ce夹杂物的数量密度
Figure 7. Number density of oxides, sulfides, and Ce-containing inclusions in the samples
图 8 样品中氧化夹杂物的三元相图
(a)进RH；(b)加Ce前；(c)加Ce后；(d)软吹后
Figure 8. Ternary phase diagrams of oxide inclusions in the samples
图 9 样品中含Ce夹杂物的成分分布
(a)加Ce后；(b)软吹后
Figure 9. Composition distribution of Ce-containing inclusions in the samples
图 10 样品中含Ce与不含Ce夹杂物的尺寸分布对比
Figure 10. Size distribution comparison between Ce-containing and Ce-free inclusions in the samples
图 11 热力学计算夹杂物随温度的演变
Figure 11. Thermodynamic calculation on the evolution of inclusions with temperature
图 12 热力学计算
1000 ℃下不同Ce含量对夹杂物生成的影响Figure 12. Thermodynamic calculation on the effect of different Ce contents on inclusion formation at
1000 ℃表 1 RH出站样品的化学成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of RH-tapped sample
% C Si Mn P S Ca Alt Ti Ce 0.15 0.39 1.39 0.005 0.001 0.0011 0.036 0.041 0.0008 
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