Effects of build direction on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured TC4 titanium alloy

WANG Yuxin; MA Tianhao; YANG Qiaofa; ZHOU Changyu

doi:10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.012

Volume 47 Issue 2

Apr. 2026

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WANG Yuxin, MA Tianhao, YANG Qiaofa, ZHOU Changyu. Effects of build direction on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured TC4 titanium alloy[J]. IRON STEEL VANADIUM TITANIUM, 2026, 47(2): 97-106. doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.012

Citation:

WANG Yuxin, MA Tianhao, YANG Qiaofa, ZHOU Changyu. Effects of build direction on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured TC4 titanium alloy[J]. IRON STEEL VANADIUM TITANIUM, 2026, 47(2): 97-106. doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.012

Citation:

WANG Yuxin, MA Tianhao, YANG Qiaofa, ZHOU Changyu. Effects of build direction on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured TC4 titanium alloy[J]. IRON STEEL VANADIUM TITANIUM, 2026, 47(2): 97-106. doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.012

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Effects of build direction on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of additively manufactured TC4 titanium alloy

doi: 10.7513/j.issn.1004-7638.2026.02.012

School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China

More Information

Received Date: 2025-10-13
Accepted Date: 2025-12-02
Rev Recd Date: 2025-11-26

Available Online: 2026-04-29

Publish Date: 2026-04-29

Abstract

Abstract

This paper systematically investigates the tensile and uniaxial fatigue behaviors of TC4 titanium alloy, by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), with three building directions (0°, 12°, 16°) under room temperature. Tensile test results indicate that specimens built along 16° direction exhibit the best ductility at high strain rates. Small building direction variations significantly influence the mechanical properties of L-PBF TC4. A modified Hollomon model is proposed, to effectively integrate the effects of different building directions and strain rates on tensile behavior. This model demonstrates superior predictive capability compared to the Johnson-Cook (JC) model, accurately characterizing the tensile mechanical response of L-PBF TC4. Fatigue test results reveal that under higher applied strain amplitudes (0.8%, 1.0%), the specimens experience transient initial cyclic hardening followed by typical softening characteristics. In contrast, under lower applied strain amplitudes (0.4%, 0.6%), the initial hardening stage is absent, and the specimens directly enter a stable cyclic stage before rapid failure. Finally, a hybrid physics and data-driven VAE-ANN model is developed. All fatigue life predictions fall within the 2 times error band, accurately predicting the fatigue life of L-PBF TC4 under different building directions.
- TC4 titanium alloy,
- laser powder bed fusion,
- tensile mechanical properties,
- uniaxial fatigue,
- life prediction

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References(25)

References

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